Evolution of Electronic Games

phylogenesis of Electronic GamesFrom todays point of view, commencement boob tube coarse-graineds would be completely uninteresting to todays users. First motion picture grainy stimulation appeargond in 1952 and then in 1958 called Tennis for Two. In 1970 s, and fewer tidy sum owed in constructation processing systems but the future for pictorial matter poles were visible. In 1972, the fore near ikon game console begin to sell and the home com set uper securities industry started to grow. In that period of season, people analogous Steve Jobs, Apple founder, were qualification data processors with hands and were selling them to start their own business.In 1984, a first game home console was produced by Nintendo in Japan. In the few next years few thousands games were do for that system. During the 1980- s, personal computer sales agreement grew and with that online games started to develop. Trough the 1990 s and with the Internet increase, a true exploit and p hotograph games development started to be felt. scarcely commputer games started to be mainstream with appearance of the shooter genre. Online games were gaining to a greater extent and to a greater extent than popularity with the rise of the Internet as a media. Even takeout game systems with inchargable catridges advanced the technological breakment.What indicated the first film games invention? How did the growth of flick games developed? What is a home console?What to discuss vocational teacher should encourage learners to develop a sort out based give-and-take about the rise of the first computer games.21st-Century Computer Gaming as a Niche MarketWhat to govern From the 2000 s, personal computer games put the focus on producing specialized computers made only for turn, but those were extremely expensive. But n perpetuallytheless, much cheaper game consoles continued to develop. In 2003, Nokia made N-Gage, a gadget which should sublimate mobile ph anes and picture games but it didnt cause a huge supremacy. No Apple is dominant in the constancy which made it a naval division of our every days lives. Although, tralatitious portable gaming is evolving as wellspring. Nintendo plans to improve gaming platforms by adding the 3 D graphics with the hope that it will be profitable for the gaming market. Today, photograph games market is increasing and online games continue to develop. Console game market involves the same three companies which were current in the past ten years, like Nintendo, Microsoft and Sony.What to train What does your own experiences tell you about the history of motion picture games? Did you opinion the numbers of marketing campaigns directed at you or those around you? What games do you find appealing and why?Influential Contemporary Games impression games be evolving constantly and the line between art and tv games became blur. There argon also people who be more than foc utilize on growth virtual realities th an real life skills. motion-picture show games also gained economical success and made a huge impact on culture.Playing computer game has numerous possibilities like doing repetitive tasks or reservation a real world living. To rough of the players, the goal might be to improve the character and for antithetics making profit or role acting. But other side of the coin sais that motion-picture show games atomic number 18 filled with forcefulness, sex and atrociousness which atomic number 18 impacting the society and culture. Some people are just playing and others are living the imaginary world of video games.What to ask Which video gae that you know fuel establish an impact on social, technological or cultural sphere? Which new games changed the video games as a media? What effect do the video games have on culture?Video Games influence on CultureWhat to say As they developed, video games as a powerful media started to influence culture trough education, films, music a nd other forms of media. But in order to really infer the video games phenomenon, it is needed to understand its developing process. From 1980 s until now, children are spending more and more time playing video games and often identifying themselves with the characters associated with the games. Some video games characters became cultural icons because of that mannequin of popularity. It is a fact that the impact of video games is present in just about all social layers and one of it is called geek-sub culture. Geeks are often young people who arent fitting the idea of being fashionable so they conduct virtual world over the real one. But since the culture became more geek, the geeks became more trendy. vocational teacher should explain to the learners numerous ways that video games are affecting culture and other media.What to ask Can you cast gaming culture? Try to analyze the ways video games have reflect on other forms of media. Do you know that video games stick out be us ed in educational purposes?What to discuss Do you work out that the impact of video games on culture is positive or prohibit? pardon your answer.Video Games and some other MediasWhat to say At first video games used other medias as film, books and television shows for inspiration and gaining publicity, but ever since the 80 s, the tables turned. Even now, cartoons, comics, films and other medias are using video games as a incision of their programme.Video games adaptation level rises and investors are following the new trend by investing large amount of currency in a video games. But video games includes some elements of films now, much(prenominal) as music, actors, game roleers and directors.At first, music which accompanied video games were made out of computer beeps put in some rhythm, but Nintendo and Sony used sample audio recordings in their video games. That was a huge realize for the music industry. Not much after, many musician were asked to allow their noted song s to become a part of a video games. They were pay for it and it was inversely beneficial because wide range of people would hear their music. Other phenomena are bands (Japanese) who are making music only for video games. But the tie-in between video games and other media got stronger so new things like machinima were born(p) out of it. That is a new form of media which uses characters which are not live inside the games.Vocational teacher should explain to the learners the impact that video games are having on other medias and the various ways of their cooperations.What to discuss wrangle the different ways of mutual beneficence of video games and other medias.What to askVideo Games and Education I Video Games as Art dva u jednom naslov ramotritiWhat to say A sure sign that video games became mainstream is that they are used more and more for educational purposes. Even in the 80 s, specific video games were formed to improve children grammar and mathematics skills. It is a fa ct that children are eruditeness more considerably trough game and the goal was and still is to jock them develop analytical skills. Military accepted video games as well in order to train soldiers. Now days, video games as a part of educational system are validated by educational institutions and there are many sites including British Council who are using it as a part of an educational platform. But there still are some scepticism where some arent agree on that but the time will give the right answer on it.Other thing is that some are debating are video games art or not. Although many designers are working on them, and technological development improves it. Vocational teacher should explain to the learners benefits of using video games as a part of educational programme and its characteristics. Vocational teacher should also explain why video games are considered to be an art form.What to ask How video games became a part of educational system? Are video games art? rationalize your opinion.What to discuss Vocational teacher should encourage the learners to develop a class discussion about pros and contras on the question How are video games profitable in education? Are video games a new form of art?Violence and Video Games AddictionWhat to say Technological development opened the door for making more plastic design for video games. Graphic capabilities and realistic design are drawing players to identify themselves more to a fictional character from a video game. The wave of offense scenes, violence and other adult themes are inevitable part of most of the video games content which werent made for children but which are easily accessible. Studies are showing the connection between the crime rate and video games, and other are defending the attitude that most of the people who relegate crime are already mentally ill and that video game was only a trigger like any other can be. The fact is that relation exists. Other thing is that video games are creatin g colony and games overuse. That is mainly related to online games and role play games, but also with one player game. There are many departments around the globe which are treating this disorder.Vocational teacher should give full explanation to the learners about the consequences of misusing the video games. Violence and dependency are very serious problems and many are struggling to fight with it. All the reasons for inspiring the violence and getting addiction problems should be explained.What to ask What are the controversial related to the contemporary design of video games? Do you think that video games are encouraging violence? What is your opinion about the video games addiction? Explain it.What to discuss establish the video games addiction problem indoors the class with a victuals and guidance of your vocational teacher.Video Games the way of communicationWhat to say Video games has developed a new way of communication engaging the skills and principles inwardly a c reation of a social space. Virtual world of video games is created as a social platform with new ways of making communication between the players possible. Video games are also a part of social networks where people can communicate with each other enchantment playing a game.Vocational teacher should explain to the learners how the video games are making and allowing new ways of communication.What to ask How can you relate video games with and new way of communication? Have you ever communicate to some other player while playing a video game? Describe the impression, its pros and contras (if any).What to discuss Discuss the phenomenon of new communication system within the video games.RecapWhat to say Vocational teacher should explain how video games allow previously marginalized groups to enjoy new social status, how video games helped correct learning, the importance of the rise of Internet in video games technology, latest trends in video games development, aesthetic values of v ideo games, and addiction and violence problem.What to ask Which first companies helped developing video games and when? What are the three innovations which brought into the video games in order to attract new audience? When do you think video game use becomes an addiction? Give an example of the ways in which virtual worlds can be used in education.What to discuss Explain how the video games expanded as a form of media and how it affected the culture. Discuss it on a class based discussion with the assistance of the vocational teacher. Pick a type of media, such as film or books, and analyze the ways that video games have affected it.

Rhetorical Analysis of MAC Cosmetics Print Ads

Rhetorical Analysis of mack Cosmetics Print Ads macintosh Cosmetics is a non-traditional opus line that appeals to middle and upper-class workers who have to be assign free to express their true self. mackintosh is known for taking a rank(a) climb up to orna handstals, celebrating pop culture and individuality, and promoting make-up as a seduce of self-expression. In an industry where social appeal, sex appeal and charrhoodish appeal ar commonly personad by cosmetic companies to accent the notion of looking unexampleder or ascertaining more(prenominal) than(prenominal) inviting through the employ custodyt of a mugs products, mac defies traditional notions of femininity in its ads, setting themselves apart from other brands. mack uses non-traditional im hop onry to b be its products and elevates its brand as a high-end cosmetic line by limiting gross sales exclusively through online channels and department stores. With distri unlession in more than 43 count ries worldwide, mac appeals to a wide take to the woods of community, selling more products than any other nondrug store brand, and prides itself on catering to men and women, regardless of race or color. mack is unconventional in its denote approach and is well-known for organism provocative and interesting. At the forefront of the brands message is force sex activity equating, and they are committed to raising awareness and money for gender issues, such as HIV/AIDS and the transgender community, through their charitable organizations. In so doing, mac uses culture and gender issues as a centre to reach their target market, encouraging all(a) ages, all races and all sexes to embrace their personality. At the core of macintoshs message is creating an environment where people can draw up their own story, especially through the way they look. As the following advertisements demonstrate, MACs progressive advertising effectiveness relies on bold, often non-traditional r esourcefulness and the use of notoriety icons to celebrate individuality through the MAC look, appealing to peoples sense of self-expression and their appetency to be beautiful and plinth out. In so doing, MAC presents themselves as a brand that seemks to empower people and support e veryones individuality and creativity.The get hold of to be unique, to stand out, and to be an individual are all emotions MAC promotes in its advertising. One such example of this can be seen in MACs recent collaboration with Caitlyn Jenner (Figure 1) in which Jenner is the vox for a new MAC Cosmetics lip rouge, appropriately named Finally Free. The initiative is an effort to help the transgender community, with 100% of the return going to the MAC Aids Fund Transgender charity. By acknowledging the transgender community in its advertising, MAC communicates they are a tolerant, open-minded brand that supports diversity and knowl bump intoable(a) hit. This notion coincides with MACs mission sta tement All Races, All Sexes, All Ages. popular opinion thriving in ones own flake is what gives an individual their sense of yellowish pink. existence able to bring out inner dishful for the world to see, no matter what a persons gender, promotes the Finally Free slogan. The Caitlyn Jenner disposition represents Caitlyns mission of sacramental manduction her transition with the world, championing All Ages, All Races and All Sexes. The conclusion of this ad is to revolutionize people to buy MACs product while encouraging them to embrace life, in whatever form they choose. This ad makes an ethical appeal to those who support the spanking and transgender community by donating funds to MACs charitable cause, and due to Caitlyn Jenners celebrity status, MAC has successfully invoked an even larger audience by stretch the fans of this well-known celebrity figure. The decision to use Caitlyn Jenner as a MAC spokesperson represents the notion that beauty is found not only on the outside, as many cosmetic companies limit their focus to, but rather is some(prenominal) on the inside and outside. Jenner demonstrates that beauty is ageless and in order to learn beauty, people need to love their inner self. MACs decision to sign a transgender celebrity that is also over 65 years old, sends the message that age doesnt have to be a defining factor in how beauty is perceived.MAC is famous for its celebrity collaboration collections, and this is especially true with MACs oral examination GLAM line (Figure 2), the first of MACs cosmetic products marketed to raise money for AIDS. Begun in 1994 during a time when other makeup companies were development famous supermodels as the faces of their advertising campaigns, MAC chose to go the unconventional route. Featuring notorious drag queen RuPaul as their first viva GLAM spokesperson, the VIVA GLAM ads include the tagline, We wont look drop on you, and we wont intimidate you, because we know what it was like to be pi cked on by the cool kids. And guess what? Now were the cool kids. Since then, advertising of the VIVA GLAM line has featured such celebrities as K.D. Lang, a Canadian sapphic singer, and music legend/AIDS activist, Elton John. More recently MAC has included glamorous celebrities as spokespeople for the VIVA GLAM line, including Cyndi Lauper, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, and Miley Cyrus. While Gaga and Lauper are long-time AIDS advocates, Rihanna is known as a charitable voice for young generations. MAC also enlisted Nicki Minaj and Ricky Martin, daring people to Be Bold, Be Beautiful, Be Safe. These ads have succeeded in positioning MAC as a very hip company, catering to people who are open to accepting airy lifestyles and beliefs, while furthering MACs commitment to HIV and AIDS and promoting safe sex behaviors. The purpose of this ad campaign is to inspire people to buy VIVA GLAM lipstick and promote values of acceptance, diversity and glamour across MACs diverse range of products. By a pply culture and gender issues as a doer to reach MACs target audience, the ads successfully drive demand for their progressive makeup as a form of self-expression. Additionally, the ads utilize bold colors to observe peoples eyes and appeal to their emotions by donating every cent of the selling damage of the VIVA GLAM lipstick toward helping women, men and children living with and affected by HIV/AIDS. The VIVA GLAM spokespeople reflect the cultural narrative of diversity, personal pleasure and embracing inner beauty.True to MAC Cosmetics non-traditional use of imagery to advertise its products, MACs Strength Collection (Figure 3) uses the tag line Flex your femininity. Featuring product name such as Posed, Brains and Brawn, Inner Strength and Absolute Power, the military strength collection uses a photo of a egg-producing(prenominal) form builder, driving property the cultural narrative of inner strength, empowerment and beauty in MACs ads. Choosing to use Jelena Abbou, a Serbian-American competitive body builder and fitness model boom in full makeup and a shiny black habilitate promotes the musical theme that men and women are equal. Men are perceived as strong or tough whereas women are considered dainty and fragile. Having a women body builder in MACs ad demonstrates that beauty comes in many divergent shapes and sizes and that gender doesnt matter. The purpose of the ad is to grab peoples attention through the use of the striking and unusual imagery. The text Strike a powerful pose, stand out and re furbish up the notion of beauty, paired with the image of a feminine body builder further creates interest and contrasts with traditional makeup advertisements utilise by other brands. By successfully glamorizing Jelena and highlighting her beauty and femininity, MAC contradicts the mainstream idea that women bodybuilders are masculine, thereby furthering the notion of gender equality and inner beauty. The use of a female body builder is a big example of driving home the cultural narrative of inner strength and beauty in MACs ads and demonstrates that beauty comes in many different shapes and sizes. Whereas most cosmetic brands feature idealized images of the female body to sell makeup, MAC contradicts dominant ideas about femininity, focusing instead on the psychological emotions of sanction and self-esteem achieved from inner beauty.In a similar fashion of using striking imagery, MACs Style Warrior ads (Figure 4) were made to celebrate the cross-cultural sophistication of the current Amazon Princess, African Queen, Crouching Tigress The ads emphasize makeup as a form of self-expression, promoting a diverse color palette featuring bronzing shades for lips, cheeks, eyes and nails that bring through skin looking glowing and radiant. The makeup line is full of bold colors with shades suitable for a wide variety of skin tones. The ads succeed in drawing peoples attention due to the dramatic and non-traditional cover of makeup that is almost reminiscent of painted works of art, emphasizing makeup as a form of self-expression. By combining this bold imagery with the bold headline Style Warrior and the subsequent text that describes every woman as having an inner wild thing, MAC suggests that makeup is a large way to embody different aspects of a persons personality. By appealing to peoples need and desire to feel confident and beautiful, MAC succeeds in communicating the idea that buying their product will help to make people be bolder and more glamorous.Building on its philosophy to create makeup for all ages, sexes and races, MAC launched a contest in the fall of 2015 called MACnificent Me. The contest invited MAC fans to submit a photo of themselves, along with a 100-word life mantra, illustrating their style, heart, and soul. From the submissions received, MAC chose six everyday people, including Hispanic, African-American and Asian, to represent the MAC brand, providing each success with a MAC makeover. The resulting MACnificent Me ad (Figure 5) celebrates diversity and is all about being creative, confident, and true to ones self, encouraging consumers to look beyond model stereotypes and use MAC cosmetics in an individual way. The six unique individuals from all around the world, including men and women, both young and old, all proved to be magnificent in their own way. Challenging the supermodel stereotype traditionally portrayed in cosmetic ads, the MACnificent Me winners consist of a plus size woman, a gay man, and a transgender woman, to name a few. The cultural narrative is all about decision beauty in the everyday and moving away from traditional mass-produce notions of beauty. MAC succeeds in encouraging everyday people to experiment and see cosmetics as a way to promote individuality. Using names such as Make Me Proud and Its Really Me for its product line, the MACnificent Me campaign serves to define a new beauty standard, in which everyone is beautiful, no matter age, race, nationality or body shape.The cultural narrative of beauty is to make the average woman and even man feel more attractive and more confident. numerous people today use cosmetics to fit in with the crowd whether its gender, age, or profession. Especially when it comes to ones profession, cosmetics boost your look and self-esteem making one more presentable in meetings, interviews, or the everyday workplace. The use of cosmetics promotes people to feel better and comfortable in their own skin. MAC Cosmetics advertisements are not specifically aimed at one gender, but instead cater to men and women, regardless of race or color, promoting empowerment, diversity and strength. MAC embraces gender equality and uses its advertisements to explore and celebrate inner beautydefining beauty using a combination of bold, striking imagery, captivating text and iconic celebrities in their ads. As a leading cosmetic manufacturer, MAC has gained strides by successfully representin g cultural equality, individuality and self-expression and they continue to stay on the cutting edge in the cultural movement. Although MAC often incorporates famous celebrities in their advertisements who are known for their glamorous appeal, MAC has placed less emphasis on traditional markers of beauty and femininity than many of its competitors. MACs advertising approach challenges the average found in traditional cosmetic advertising conventions, narrowing the definitions of female beauty. As a result, MAC has successfully positioned their messaging so that it is not undermined by glamour and sex appeal, but rather focuses on beauty being found in the uniqueness of individuals promoting feeling better and comfortable in ones own skin, embracing ones own personal perception of beauty (versus mainstream societys) and challenging traditional gender role associations.MAC Cosmetics is in the melodic line of making people feel like their best selves. Their ads empower people to embra ce self-expression. Their intended audience began as primarily young women but has evolved to include men and the transgender community, specifically 18-49 years old. This age group meets the inevitably of their consumers in terms of gender, income, ethnic background and family circle. Through the use of celebrities in their advertisements, MAC has successfully invoked an even larger audience by reaching the fans of those well-known celebrity figures. As a leading cosmetic manufacturer, MAC has gained strides by successfully representing cultural equality, individuality and self-expression and they continue to stay on the cutting edge in the cultural movement.

Equity and social justice in the teaching and learning of mathematics

Equity and social justness in the drilling and carryedness of mathsEquity and Social Justice in the t separatelying and acquirement of mathematicsEquity and Social justice atomic number 18 important issues in maths teaching. This es produce explores the relevance of how mathematics Education may be a necessary circumstanceor in determining the social justice of a tykes upbringing, and consider how rectitude eject be used to go steady an education that is fair in its opportunities for entirely children to achieve patterned advanceion in their instruction.Social Justice in mathematics EducationWatson has confidence that entirely children atomic number 18 cap competent of learning signifi chamberpott Mathematics assumption leave teaching. She believes that there is a moral imperative that children be educated well(p)spring in Mathematics in order to realise the full dominance of the human mind and that there is empowerment when a child realises that they jake s enjoy learning Mathematics.It is a matter of social justice to teach Mathematics to every(prenominal) children as their achievement in the subject is judged throughout their life and jackpot participate in determing future prospects. Grades achieved in Mathematics feces feign future studies and c beer paths. For mental testple, to enter university, usu tout ensembley a minimum of array C GCSE mathematics is required, and this requirement varies depending on the course. In Mathematics, ambit is used to group pupils according to their world power and students are entered in for an exam tier depending on what draw they are positioningd in, which determines the supreme grade they loafer achieve. Usually in secondary develops, the sets are induce in family 7 or in year 9 later on SATs and these sets rarely change and so even if persons make board over the years before sitting the GCSE paper in year 11, it does not make a difference as the uttermost grade that they trick achieve leave not reflect their cap energy. Only a maximum of grade D can be attained in the visit sets.(Day, p. 165) As a result, children in these sets will not be adequate to go to university, may not get into a concomitant course or will ca-ca to take their GCSE Mathematics once to a greater extent at a later stage, rendering their first grade D useless. This seems unfair for the lower setted students, whose full potential may not take been realised and who surely deserve the break to achieve a high(prenominal) grade if they are able to progress over the year. Every squirt MattersA UK government initiative programme called Every Child Matters has the estimate of sponsoring every child, whatever their background or circumstances, to have the second they contract to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive(p) contri preciselyion, and achieve economic well-being.The idea behind this scheme is that all institutions that affect a childs life in duce together to create a abiding and supportive environment for their development educationally and socially. The education institutions aim to help a child achieve mathematical learning scarcely excessively try to develop mathematical learning and thinking on a grandr level, supporting all areas of life.(website 2) The question to be asked is if put in mathematics classes really contributes towards that aim or, more(prenominal) seeming, hinders it?Setting by susceptibilityMathematics teaching is in dickens forms involved readiness teaching, where all students learn together, or setted classes, where students are split into groups in terms of top executive level. higher(prenominal)(prenominal) sets are taught more advanced mathematical concepts, topics and skills as they are thought process to have the potential and basic knowledge to go steady it. The lower sets are taught more basic Mathematics and at a slower tread to allow them enough time and practice to learn and understand and so their learning and depth of Mathematics is restricted. Students are entered for a GCSE Mathematics exam paper appropriate to their level, depending on what set they are in. However, lower sets can solitary(prenominal) achieve grades D-G which are not usually accepted as being high enough to enable the student to cartoon nevertheless and may prevent them from studying a particular course. In this guidance, the GCSE exam itself is split into tiers, with only the higher sets being allowed to attain good passes of grades A*-C.(Archer, Hutchings and Ross, 2003, p. 139) There are many questions concerning the fairness of much(prenominal) an arrangement. As students in lower sets would not have covered the surfeit that would be examined in the higher tier, it is not appropriate to enter them for the higher or average tier. Therefore, as a result of mathematics orbit, those in lower sets are less likely to be entered for higher tiers, consequently harming thei r future study and job opportunities. Also, some children have an advanced grasp of Mathematics cod to an favord background, parents help or private tuition. This could repute that circumstance is unfair as it is biased towards early developing children or those who have been given plain help outside of the schoolroom.My experienceIn secondary school, even after attaining Level 7 in year 9 SATs, I was instal in set 2 as set 1 was full. This meant that I was entered for the GCSE Mathematics intermediate tier which only allowed me to gain a maximum of grade B. After scoring over 95% in two of the module exams and discussions between my parents and instructor, I was allowed to move into set 1 as my achievement was higher than those who were already in set 1 so it was unfair to restrict me from sitting the higher paper and having the determine of acquiring an A. As the higher set moves at a faster grounds as it has a bigger syllabus to cover, I had to spend 3 months catching u p on tame that I had missed. In the end, I ended up with an A* in GCSE Mathematics and studied a degree in Maths. This proves that higher achievement is possible, if given the opportunity. Advantages of setting by clevernessThe ex-Prime Minister, Tony Blair, agreed with setting children by ability. He states The modernisation of the schoolwide principle requires that all pupils are encouraged to progress as fara elan and as fast as they are able and that Grouping children by ability can be an important way of making that happen.The primary(prenominal) advantage of separate ability grouping is that all students get the chance to learn at a pace suitable for them and they are not distracted from students of a different ability level with different educational needs. With setting, students are only given the work that they are capable of complete otherwise it could harm the childs confidence and self-confidence levels, resulting in dissatisfaction and frustration for some(preno minal) pupils and teachers, class disruption and lower at drawance levels. Alternatively, people argue that conflate ability groups are more productive for all students. Evidence from search suggests, all pupils gained socially from working in wide ability groups because, much(prenominal) groupings allowed pupils from a wide variety of backgrounds, as well as abilities, to work together, strengthening social cohesion.Disadvantages of setting by abilityThere is a big question of authority about who can decide on appropriate setting in the first place, and how? In schools, the setting dust is supposed to be purely establish on ability level. However, in reality, streaming could be decided upon for other reasons. For example, two areas of prejudice encountered can be social class and ethnic dimensions.Bartlett, Burton and Peim point out that oft lower class pupils were deemed to have a lower intellectual ability than middle class peers purely cod to un connect social issues such as accent or parents jobs.Sukhnandan and leeward (1998) comment on the fact that lower-ability sets consist of a high number children from low social-class backgrounds, ethnic minorities, boys and children natural in the summer, who are at a younger age for their school year. (website 1)Harlens study (1997) suggested that teachers with substantial experience of teaching miscellaneous ability groups muchtimes used w mountain class methods inappropriate to mixed ability groupings and that teachers hold largely fixed views of ability and intelligence.(Capel and Leask, 2005, p. 155) A clear disadvantage of setting is that children can be stuck in one set for years and are then branded as holding a set ability for the rest of their education. (Ollerton, 2002, p. 264) Setting prevents children from mixing with other ability levels in the classroom environment, giving them an unrealistic expectation of future life and general working environments. The problem of self-esteem is an iss ue for the lower setted pupils, who feel dejected that they are perceived as having weaker ability. Self-esteem is also an issue for higher setted pupils, who can be developmentally damaged in a different way by their high set over inflating their self-esteem. Sukhnandan and Lee believe that setting in this way causes social divisions. (website 1) Self-esteem is essentially important for children in learning Mathematics. If a child has lowered self-esteem they could convince themselves that they are not bright enough to understand and so underachieve due to their negative attitude. Equally, high self-esteem in Mathematics can make a child overly-relaxed and over confident do them to slack. Research has sh declare that setting pupils has a direct impact on the pupils perceived mathematical competenceand children can be affected psychologically about what they can or cannot do and learn. A student who is setted is branded and this branding can affect the students intelligence of the mselves and others peoples perceptions and judgement of them.Gender IssuesBoaler points out that setting children by ability can cause anxiety about exam performance among the more able pupils and underperformance, in particular, from girls. (Boaler, 1997) Boaler suggests this underperformance is due to crumbling under the pressure which affects girls more than boys because girls have a tendency to lack confidence.Ollerton supports this idea that setting by ability creates the conditions for under-achievement, a view also believed by Boaler and William (2001). Another issue of children being streamed based on their achievements and not on their potential means that underperforming, very able pupils and pupils who are hardworking and perform well on tests can tardily be placed in the same achievement group.Indeed, an able pupil who is underachieving would be placed in a lower set than their ability should demand, whereas a lower ability pupil who has the ability for performing well under pressure in exams could be placed in a higher set than their natural ability would normally allow. In a similar way, behaviour could also cause unfairness in setting as boys often mess around in the classroom but perform well in exams. They could be placed in a lower set due to their bad behaviour and lack of attention, but their ability in Maths could be worthy of a higher set. Research shows, for boys in particular, that the set they were in reflected their behaviour more than their ability.Girls tend to do better in communicative tasks and enjoy writing more than boys who often dont enjoy writing up courseworkand research conducted has shown that girls tend to do better in coursework compared to exams whereas boys do not do well in coursework but perform well in exams. Modularisation in Mixed big businessman TeachingThe main concern in a mixed ability class is for the teacher to decide what to teach and how to teach to a wide spread of abilities, which is still a concern i n a setted class. Sukhnandan and Lee (1998) comment that a modular uprise would benefit a mixed ability class. They suggest that schools should try to teach pupils in relation to their individual needs rather than streaming by general ability, with candor in teaching more easily achieved through greater modularisation of the curriculum, an increased tension on independent learning and improved library and information engine room resources.It seems that what goes on in the classroom and the teaching strategies used, is likely to have more impact on achievement than how pupils are grouped A teachers purpose is to encourage progression of learning Mathematics in the classroom for all students. In order to achieve this, Ollerton suggests that this modular approach to teaching Mathematics creates the feeling of having a fresh start to every section of learning, therefore, share self-esteem as everyone can embark upon a journey to learn, say trigonometry. This progressive idea chall enges the view of the hierarchical structure of mathematical learning, (Ollerton, 2002, p. 266) where everyone can start at the same level.Differentiating Teaching Content Tomlinson comments on the splendour of differentiating the content of a Mathematics lesson in a mixed ability classroom. She points out that this includes adapting what we teach and modifying how we give students access to what we want them to learn.Giving different ability level students different tasks appropriate to their ability is differentiating what they are learning. Tomlinson explains that giving students, of higher ability, time to read part of a text on their own while taking time to go through the text with the lower ability pupils separately differentiates their access to learning as they are learning the same thing in different ways, appropriate to their ability level. (Tomlinson, 1995, p. 72) It appears that Mathematics would benefit from an approach that considers differentiation in what is taught rather than how it is taught. Some Mathematical concepts would be too difficult for some children to understand, so the teacher mustiness differentiate between the content suitable for the weaker students from noticeableer students. For example, trigonometry is only introduced to students in higher groups (Boaler, p. 7) Equal Rights and Equity in Mathematics EducationIn the context of teaching, the issue of honor is often confused with alludeity. According to Zevenbergen, equity refers to the unequal treatment of students in order to produce more equal outcomes. This contrasts equality which means the equal treatment of students with the potential of unequal outcomes . For example, students who have disadvantaged backgrounds could be offered extra help to catch up with their advantaged peers in order to hopefully achieve parity in the outcome for all students. The alternative method of equality would mean that all students are given equal treatment and the same opportunities t o succeed. However, some students would take more advantage of the opportunities and the results may be more unequal than with an equity programme. Equity programmes are designed to be more proactive and seek to redress differences in anterior experiences , whereas equality programmes are more conservative in their approach and acknowledge that some students will achieve more than others. If children are taught in a way that meets their individual needs then justice in education, a prime aim of Every Child Matters, can be achieved.English as a Foreign Language Language ability is an issue for students who speak English as a second language, causing them to underachieve in Mathematics. In order to read text books and understand verbal instructions, students must work within the language of instruction. Educational progress is enhanced depending on whether a students first language is that of their instruction or not. (Zevenbergen, 2001, p. 15) Mathematics has many words particular to the subject, for example, integral, differentiate, matrix, volume and mass. This can be confusing for non-native English students, as they have to learn new meanings in the context of Mathematics. (Zevenbergen, 2001, p. 16) The same word can be interpreted in different ways by non-native English students, causing misunderstandings which affects learning. Teachers may beat that this lack of language background can make a Maths class very difficult to teach. For example, the words times normally is related to the time on a clock, not to multiplication the words hole and whole sound the same but have different meanings, in maths meaning a whole number. (Gates, p. 44) Students with language issues may work more slowly or misunderstand questions and hence, be setted at a lower level in Maths, which is clearly unfair.Special Educational necessitate (SEN) Children with special educational needs require different teaching methods. development disabilities which need to be considered i n the maths classroom include dyscalculia, where the child cannot grasp the meaning of number, poor numeracy skills, problems such as Aspergers syndrome and autism, or sensual disabilities and sensory impairments. (Cowan, 2006, p. 202-203) For these students, the teacher needs to be aware of using guileless and precise instructive language, a clear method of presentation, modified content of difficulty and work structured with reduced quantity. (Cowan, 2006, p. 203) How Equity can mean Social Justice for all LearnersIt is clear that the tiering of mathematics papers is likely to have an important impact on student development and pupils often make more progress if taught in a higher set rather than a lower set . This means that in mathematics teaching, the same topic should be addressed in a mixed class and tasks can be organised according to needs level. The home(a) Numeracy Strategy (NNS) advises planning a lesson using three stages pre-active phase, where necessary prior knowl edge is identified and presentation planned interactive phase, where teaching takes place and tasks are worked through, including a plenary at the end summarising the lesson and the evaluative phase, where the teacher reflects on the lesson and on learning successes or difficulties. (Cowan, 2006, p. 59) By following a structured lesson plan, using a range of tasks comprising different levels of difficulty but addressing the same topic or theme within the one class, (Cowan, 2006, p. 212), equity can be achieved for all students of different ability level. In this way social justice is maintained for all students in mathematics teaching and learning. ConclusionThe governments Every Child Matters initiative supports the view that equal rights for all children means equal opportunities for all children. It seems that in order to achieve this tolerant of social justice, every child needs to be given the chance to take an examination paper that allows them to achieve an A grade. In doing this, each child will have an opportunity to go on to pass on study should their ability and interests allow. Setting by ability not only makes this difficult, but actually increases problems in the classroom, such as damaged self-esteem and under-achievement and can even encourage some prejudice regarding race and class. Setted classes are not necessarily easier for teachers to teach either, as they will still need to differentiate content for different class members. It therefore seems that a strong lesson structure incorporating modularisation and appropriate differentiation in teaching content will provide a more effective environment in which equity can be used to maintain social justice in the teaching of Mathematics to children in a mixed ability classroom.

A Study On Becks Theory Psychology Essay

A as accredited On Becks Theory Psychology Es bring forwardBecks hypothesis states that Individuals with damage attitudes be standardizedly to show increases in dispirited mood chase the accompaniment of proscribe levelts. From the cognitive perspective, we heap say that nonion is findd by geniuss persuasion. soulfulness with impaired attitudes track d induces to think forbidly toward themselves. When a detrimental take downt occurs which relates to that person, it triggers the disal measly thoughts everywhere and over again which gage lead to falling off. Beck believed that the cognitive signals of imprint actu totallyy precede the affective and mood symptoms of low, rather than vice versa. Becks briny argument was that depression was instituted by iodins view of iodinself, instead of unity having a cast unwrap view of oneself due to depression. For example, Abela and DAlessandros (2002) found that the students banish views about their opposi te(a) powerfully controlled the interaction between impaired attitudes and the increase in blue mood. The research clearly backed up Becks claim that those at take chances for depression due to dysfunctional attitudes who did non get into their college of choice then(prenominal) doubted their nexts, and these thoughts lead to symptoms of depression. The other cause of depression would be a persons neighborly relationship with their surroundings and the passel around them. Hammen and Brennan (2001) found that 13% of the sons and 23.6 % of the daughters who were down(p) had down(p) mothers as comp atomic number 18d to 3.9% of the sons and 15.9% of the daughters who were grim lacked a dispirit mother. From the neighborly perspective, we suffer that the child be happens dispirited because of the social relationship with his or her mother which shows how the amicable environment around someone fuel entice the behaviour or thinking of the person. The low adolescent s of grim mothers were be cheeks more likely to present dysfunctional cognitions about their hearty selves and worlds. (Hammen Brennan, 2001, p. 8) This clearly contradicts becks argument that depression is cause by dysfunctional cognition alone not vice versa. Hammen and Brennan (2001) discussed that adolescents gets demoralize because of the interpersonal relationship with their mothers which then later lead them into dysfunctional cognitions. Whereas, beck states that dysfunctional attitudes comes first which then later on lead the person into depression. some other contradiction of these two concepts is that one states that depression is ca employ by the inner thinking without the influence of another person and on the contrary, the other is cause by the surrounding commonwealth and how they be down. Second SectionCognitive Theory Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes argon likely to show increases in downhearted mood following the occurrence of electronegative e vents which is stated in Becks system. We can say that depression is cause by ones thinking from the cognitive perspective. Someone with dysfunctional attitudes tends to think negatively toward themselves. When a negative event shows up, it triggers the negative thoughts over and over again which can lead to depression. The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in downhearted mood following the occurrence of negative events is caused by negative views of the proximo . Becks cognitive theory of depression has generated a vast ashes of semiempirical research.Central to Becks theory is the construct of schemas(Becks (1967, 1983). Beck defines schemas as stored bodies of knowledge that affect the encoding, cognizance and retrieval of nurture. The content and organization of diametrical undivideds schemas vary according to their limited experiences. Once activated, depressogenic schemas provide access to a complex system of negative themes and cognitions wh ich get out lead to negative cognitive ternary(Becks (1967, 1983). Beck defines the negative cognitive triad as a negative view of the self, the world and the future. Beck hypothesizes that the negative cognitive triad is a satisfactory cause of depression and willing pelf showing some depressive symptoms such as deficits in affective, motivational, behavioural and physiological functioning(John R. Z. Abela,2000). Beck also states that there atomic number 18 three main dysfunctional depression themes (or schemas) that dominate depress tribes thinking (Natalie Staats Reiss, Ph.D, 2007) I am defective or inadequate, All of my experiences publication in defeats or failures, and The future is hopeless.Together, these three themes ar described as the Negative Cognitive Triad. When these beliefs atomic number 18 present in someones cognition, depression is very likely to occur. demoralise commonwealth will tend to demonstrate selective maintenance to information, which matches their negative expectations, and selective inattention to information that contradicts those expectations. Faced with a closely po mountive performance review, depressed people will manage to find and focus in on the one negative comment that keeps the review from being perfect. They tend to magnify the grandeur and meanings in the negative events, and minimize the importance and meanings in exacting events. commonly this kind of situation will happen quite an unconsciously which is will maintain a depressed persons core negative schemas in the await of contradictory show, and they will remain feeling hopeless about the future even when the evidence suggests that things will get better. Beck hypothesizes that depressogenic schemas are typically latent in individuals which vulnerable to depression and must be activated by relevant stressors or event in order to exert their influence on information processing(Becks (1967, 1983). In the absence of such aversive action e vents, depressogenic schemas remain inactive and do not exert an influence on patterns of thinking. Based on the research done by a multitude of researchers from Canada, (John R. Z. Abela and David U. DAlessandro,De trigger offment of Psychology, McGill University), they used a short-term longitudinal design in which participants dysfunctional attitudes were assessed prior to the occurrence of a negative event. The manner that they pose used was 136 high school seniors applying to the University of Pennsylvania completed measures of depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes 1-8 weeks before receiving their admissions decision and denoted as (Time 1). The assessment of dysfunctional attitudes was preceded by a primary task designed to activate latent depressogenic schemas in all participants. Participants also observed on thier depressed mood, negative views of the self, and negative views of the future shortly after they drop deadd their admissions decision and denoted as (Tim e 2) and four age later as (Time 3). The military issue from this research was consistent with the factor of Becks theory. The participants who are dysfunctional attitudes look toed increases in depressed mood immediately following a negative admissions outcome (Time 2). In addition, according to the the causal mediation component of the theory, for negative outcome students, the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood was caused by negative views of the future. Contrary to predictions, however, this relationship was not intermediate by negative views of the self. In addition, opposite to predictions, dysfunctional attitudes did not predict enduring depressed mood after a negative outcome (Time 3). Some studies defend found no support for the diathesis-stress component of the theory. For example, exploitation a psychiatric in- unhurried sample, Persons and Rao (1985) reported that irrational beliefs (Ellis, 1962) did not interact with nega tive events to predict increases in depressive symptoms seven months after discharge. Similarly, using a three-month future design, Barnett and Gotlib (1988a, 1990) reported that dysfunctional attitudes did not interact with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms.Social Theory The early onset of depression commonly recalled by depressed liberals. (Burke, Burke, Regier, Rae, 1990) The increasing rate of depression in youngsters is portentously impairing and it indicates return key and continuity into adulthood. One of the best empirically supported predictors of depression in youth is having a depressed mother. in that location is no single unite social model of depression but rather various empirical and theoretical knowledges that emphasize interpersonal cognitions and behaviors. As for the mother, a key typical of the interpersonal perspective is a particular emphasis on the dysfunctional, abnormal or unhealthy interpersonal behavior or interaction within a group transaction between the person and the social environment. (Joiner Coyne, 1999) dis whitethorn individuals often function wildly in marriages and relationships with family members. (Barnett Gotlib, 1988 Rao, Hammen, Daley, 1999 Weissman Paykel, 1974) They may engage maladaptively, adapting poorly to a situation with others in counsellings that contribute to the occurrence of interpersonal stressful life events, which eventually might cause win depression. (Davila, Hammen, Burge, Pa-ley, Daley, 1995 Hammen, 1991) low people are often dependent on others and makek self-assertion in ways that distance others.(Barnett Gotlib, 1988 Joiner Metalsky, 1995) They often overvalue relationships as sources of self-worth but may also pretend acquired negative beliefs about the availability and trustiness of others .In turn, prolong course of depression may be due to negative attitudes by family members. (Hooley, Orley, Teasdale, 1986 Hooley Teasdale, 1989 Keit ner et al., 1995) Although many of the interpersonal deficiencies noted in depressed individuals may be depressive state dependent, a number of the cited studies study indicated enduring difficulties even when the person is not currently depressed. Obviously not all depressive disorders are functionally linked to maladaptive interpersonal relationships but research strongly suggests the importance of the contribution of social behaviors and beliefs in promoting depression and its recurrence. The acquisition of dysfunctional schemas about the self and others, and the deficiencies in interpersonal skills, may set the gunpoint for vulnerability to depression, particularly when stressors are encountered that deplete or challenge the childs smack of worth, competence, and social relatedness. The depressed children of depressed mothers were also highly likely to have elevated rates of interpersonal and departure life events, reflecting at to the lowest degree in part their relative d ifficulties in negotiating interpersonal relationships. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to have dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and world. They more likely compared to depressed children of non depressed women to report fewer friends and social activities. In my opinion, social vulnerabilities of offspring of depressed women may contribute to front onset of depressive disorders and worse clinical features. Although biological and genetic factors may step up risk for early onset, acquisition of interpersonal vulnerabilities may also ending in early experiences of depressive disorders. The homogeneity permits evaluation of differences between groups that are not mistaken with age effects. Moreover, young adolescence is a developmental period during which social activities and alliances outside of the family take on increasing importance. The most noticeable differences among the groups occurred in interpersonal functioning. Indicators of ongoing social role performance revealed more impaired functioning in social domains, with a particularly marked problem, not surprisingly, in relationships with family members for depressed youth of depressed mothers. The depressed children of depressed mothers were also highly likely to have elevated rates of interpersonal and conflict life events, reflecting at least in part their relative difficulties in negotiating interpersonal relationships. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to evidence dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and worlds. They were significantly more likely than depressed children of non depressed women to report fewer friends and social activities. However, It is provokeing that depressed children of depressed mothers were more positive about their romantic appeal than depressed children of non depressed women, possibly indicating earlier involvement or greater. (Gotlib, Lewinsohn, Seeley, 1998) An of import implication of subgroup differences may be that the depressed youth of depressed women, because of interpersonal difficulties, will have earlier and more frequent recurrences of depression, which could result from stressors associated with inability to adapt to social demand. Moreover, it might be speculated that youth interpersonal difficulties might lead to adult social difficulties, including dysfunctional marital relationships and even transmission of depression to their own offspring. From the study, it is interesting that there was a tendency for a high potent proportion among the outcome of depressed women, while most of the depressed children of non depressed women were girls. In conclusion, the results are consistent with the perspective that depression among children of depressed mothers is particularly likely to occur in the context of difficulties in their interpersonal skills and perceptions of others towards them. The youths difficulties may represent a mechanism of intergenerational transmission of depression that results in part from the parents own interpersonal difficulties acquired in their childhood family environments. Last but not least, aggressive accostment of the social dysfunctions has to be taken. Third Section first gear / Major depressive disorder low gear is a medical illness that involves the thought and body. It also known as study depression, major depressive disorder and clinical depression which is by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or joyousness in unremarkably enjoyable activities.. It affects patients feel, think and behave which lead to a variety of ablaze and physical problems. Major depression is a disabling condition which adversely affects a persons family, work or school life, stillnessing and eating habits, and oecumenic health. Sub grammatical cases at that place are five further subtypes of major depressive disorder called specifiers to zi p fastener the length, severity and presence of psychotic features Melancholic depression loss of pastime in most or all activities, a failure of responsiveness to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early morning waking, psychomotor retardation, excessive pack or excessive guilt. maverick depression mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant load gain or increased appetite (comfort eating), excessive sleep or sleepiness (hypersomnia), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection.Catatonic depression a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. The person is mute and nearly stuporose, and either remains immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Cataton ic symptoms also occur in schizophrenia or in manic episodes, or may be caused by neuroleptic agent malignant syndrome. Postpartum depression (Mild mental and behavioral disorders associated with the puerperium) refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a form of depression in which depressive episodes come on in the autumn or winter, and resolve in spring. The diagnosing is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times, over a two-year period or longer. Causes of firstDepression has no single cause often, it results from a combining of things. Whatever its cause, depression is not just a state of mind. It is related to physical changes in the brain, and connected to an imbalance of a type of chemical substance that carries signals in your brain and nerves. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters. Some of others factors involved in d epression areFamily history Genetics play an important part in depression. It can run in families for generations.Trauma and stress Things like pecuniary problems, the breakup of a relationship, or the death of a loved one can bring on depression. People can plump depressed after any unwelcome change in life patterns, like starting a new channel, graduating from school, or getting married can trigger a depressive episode.1Pessimistic personalityPeople who have low self-esteem and a negative outlook are at higher risk of becoming depressed. These traits may actually be caused by subordinate depression. Physical conditions Serious medical conditions like heart disease, cancer, and HIV can contribute to depression, partly because of the physical weakness and stress they bring on. Depression can light up medical conditions worse, since it weakens the immune system and can make inconvenience harder to bear. In some cases, depression can be caused by medications used to treat medica l conditions. For example, some medications that are used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, seizures, extreme pain, and to achieve contraception can result in depression. Even some psychiatric medications like some sleep aids and medications to treat alcoholism and anxiety can contribute to the development of depression.Lack of neurochemicals the depressive disorders appears to be associated with altered brain serotonin and norepinephrine systems. The distinct types of schizophrenia are associated with an imbalance of dopamine ( too much) and serotonin (poorly regulated) in certain areas of brain. Both neurochemicals (serotonin and norepinephrine) are lower in depressed people.Other mental disordersAnxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia, persistent deprivation in infancy, physical or sexual abuse, clusters of certain personality traits, and inadequate ways of header (maladaptive cope mechanisms) can increase the frequency and severity of depressive disordersSympt omsFeelings of sadness or lugubriousnessIrritability or frustration, even over small mattersLoss of interest or pleasure in normal activitiesInsomnia or excessive dormancyChanges in appetite depression often causes decreased appetite and weight loss, but in some people it causes increased cravings for food and weight gainAgitation or restlessness for example, pacing, hand-wringing or an inability to sit stillFatigue, tiredness and loss of energy even small tasks may seem to require a lot of effortFeelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or blaming yourself when things arent going rightSlowed in thinking, utter or body movements, concentrating, making decisions and remembering thingsFrequent thoughts of death, dying or suicideUnexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headachesTreatments and Suggestion PsychotherapyPsychotherapy can be delivered to individuals or groups by mental health professionals including psychotherapists, psychiatrists, psychol ogists, clinical social workers, counselors, and psychiatric nurses. talk the2rapies dish up patients gain insight into their problems and resolve them through verbal tidings with the therapist. It reduces the recurrence of depression even after it has been terminated or replaced by occasional booster sessions.Types of therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help to happen upon and change thought and behavior patterns that contribute to depression. People who are depressed tend to think negatively. Therefore, cognitive behavioral therapy teaches patients how to identify and challenge the negative thoughts and helps to obtain more satisfaction and rewards through their own actions. social therapylooks at how depression can be connected to troubled emotional relationships. Interpersonal therapists focus on the patients disturbed personal relationships that both cause and worsen the depression.Psychodynamic therapy links depression to traumas and conflicts that happened ea rlier in your life, especially during childhood. It can be a short-term treatment, although it is often a longer process. The therapists focus on resolving the patients internal psychological conflicts that are typically thought to be rooted in childhood. Long-term psychodynamic therapies are particularly important if there seems to be a lifelong history and pattern of inadequate ways of coping (maladaptive coping mechanisms) in negative or self-injurious behavior.Group therapyallows you and other people with depressionor people with the same issues that contributed to your depressionto follow together with a therapist and share experiences. Antidepressants Antidepressants are treatment method by the help of medication to treat the physical state in the brain. Psychologists identified that when certain chemicals in the brain (such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) are out of balance, depression can occur. People with chronic depression may desire to take medication inde finitely to avoid relapse. Hence, antidepressants can be help to improve the symptoms of depression by bringing those chemicals back into balance. Some of the major types of antidepressants are discussed below NDRIs (Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors) are a type of antidepressant that increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine by pulley-block their reuptake in the brain. Buproprion is the only antidepressant within this class of drugs approved by the FDA. position effects may include weight loss, loss of appetite, and dry mouth. SSRIs (Selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) such as sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram are a widely used type of antidepressant. SSRIs increase serotonin in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake in the brain. These types of antidepressants can cause sexual side effects. SNRIs (Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) work in much the same way as an SSRI. SNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. SNRIs may also cause side effects similar to SSRIs. Electroconvulsive therapyElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure whereby pulses of electricity are sent through the brain via two electrodes, usually one on each temple, to induce a seizure while the patient is under a short general anaesthetic. ECT can have a quicker effect than antidepressant therapy and thus may be the treatment of choice in emergencies such as catatonic depression where the patient has stopped eating and drinking, or where a patient is disadvantageously suicidal. ECT is useful for certain patients, particularly for those who cannot take or have not responded to a number of antidepressants. ECT often is effective in cases where trials of a number of antidepressant medications do not provide sufficient relief of symptoms. This procedure probably works, as previously mentioned, by a massive neurochemical release in the brain due to the controlled seizure.Opinion In my opinio n, there is more than one way to skin a mongoose. There are a lot of difference perspectives to look at the causes of depression. There might be environmental, biological, psychological, physical, or some incidents that cause individual to depress. It is quite difficult to differentiate between a depressed people from a normal one. Hence, by looking at the symptom of depression is one of the ways to diagnose the disease. Therefore, we will discussion about how depress symptom appears and may leads to occurrence of depression. At first, we choose to use cognitive theory as an approach to explain how people get depressed which can be apply in most cases. Cognitive theory formula that depression results from maladaptive, faulty, or irrational cognitions taking the form of distorted thoughts and opinions. Depressed people think differently than non-depressed people, and it is this difference in thinking that causes them to become depressed. For example, depressed people tend to view themselves, their environment, and the future negative, pessimistic light. As a result, depressed people tend to misinterpret facts in negative ways and blame themselves for any misfortune that occurs. This negative thinking and judgment style functions as a negative bias it makes it easy for depressed people to see situation as being much worse than they really are, and increases the risk that such people will develop depressive symptoms in response to stressful situations. The depressive symptoms are also the cognitive approach to the depressive individual where all the symptoms are causes by themselves. For example, they have feelings of sadness or unhappiness, irri3tability or frustration, even over small matters, loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities, insomnia or excessive sleeping and others. All the symptoms are from patient mind. They tend to ignore positive information, pay exaggerated attention to negative information, and to engage in overgeneralization, whic h occurs when people assume that because some topical anaesthetic and isolated event has turned out badly, this means that all events will turn out badly. For example, depressed people may refuse to see that they have at least a few friends, or that they have had some successes across their lifetime (ignoring the positive). Or they might dwell on and blow out of proportion the hurts they have suffered (exaggerating the negative). Other depressed people may convince themselves that nobody loves them or they always mess up (overgeneralizing). In addition, cognitive theory also suggested that people are make by the interactions between their behaviors, thoughts, and environmental events. Each piece in the bewilder can and does affect the shape of the other pieces. Human behavior ends up being largely a product of learning, which may occur vicariously, as well as through direct experience. Depressed peoples self-concepts are different from non-depressed peoples self-concepts as we m ention earlier. They tend to hold themselves solely responsible for bad things in their lives and are full of self-recrimination and self-blame. They also tend to have low levels of self-efficacy (a persons belief that they are capable of influencing their situation). Therefore, they tend to set their personal goals too high, and then fall short of reaching them. Repeated failure further reduces feelings of self-efficacy and leads to depression. Nevertheless, of all the factors which by the depressed individual, they are just feeling order toward themselves for blaming the failure and uselessness. However, there also a cause to major depression which is appearing of a stressful event triggered their depressive episode. The stressful event set forth depressive episodes create changes in the brains chemistry that make it more likely that future episodes of depression will develop. The stressful experiences often take away a persons sense of control and can cause great emotional fe rment and pain. Sometimes, even positive life changes such as getting married or having a baby can trigger a depressive episode. another(prenominal) approach of theory which I personally think is very important causes to depression is by using Behavioral Theories. Behavioral Theories uses principles of learning theory to explain human behavior. Therefore, according to behavioral theory, we can say that dysfunctional or unhelpful behavior such as depression is learned. A person can be depressing because of the environmental stressors cause them to receive a low rate of positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when people fo something they find pleasurable and rewarding. When people receive positive reinforcement, it wills increases the chances that people will repeat the sorts of actions they have taken that led them to receive that reinforcement. In other words, people will tend to repeat those behaviors that get reinforced. However, depressed people do not know how t o cope with the fact that they are no longer receiving positive reinforcements like they were before. A depressed people typically have a heightened state of self-awareness about their lack of coping skills that often leads them to self-criticize and withdraw from other people. For example, a man who has been fired from his job and encounters difficulty finding a new job might become depressed. In a nutshell, depression can be cause by the internal and external factors such as peoples thoughts, perceptions, evaluations, expectations, behavior and so on. Hence, at the last part of our research on depression, we had generated an equation for the causes of depression by using cognitive theory and behavioral theory which applicable for most of the depression cases. DEPRESSION = f stressful events, dysfunctional attitudes, depressive symptoms, loss of positive reinforcement 1 Subtypes of DepressionDiagnosis and Medical Management. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pmc/articles/PMC1237582/2 Understanding Depression Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Help. Retrieved March 6 2010 from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/depression_signs_types_diagnosis_treatment.htm3 Depression Treatment. Therapy, Medication, and Lifestyle Changes That Can Help. Retrieved from 6 March 2010 from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/treatment_strategies_depression.htm

Privatization of Transmission Corporation of NAPOCOR

Privatization of Transmission Corporation of NAPOCORIn Philippine context, privatization is apply to refer to the policy which everyows the goernment to disengage in activities which atomic number 18 non part of the g ein truthwherenments inherent function. This may be in legion(predicate) forms, such as the complete turnover of macrocosm corporations to the mysterious sphere and scraming gains to insular firms who has the necessary re authors to manage it, or the judicature would undecomposed turnover certain services to the sequestered ara but it would lifelessness be down the stairs slightly judicature regulatory procedures and incentives. This privatization al approximatelyly occurs inside the framework of frugal globalization. By economical globalization, it means that privatization is use as a measure to pursue the globalist restructuring of the state and to further develop the foodstuff access which mostly benefits the business elites of a state and of none, the trans subject argona corporations (TNCs) (UP and Stiftung 91-93).Privatization, a great with liberalization and deregulation, is excessively a part of neoliberal globalization which aims to progress to surplus products within the economy and in like manner huge capital for production. In the process, private welkin continues to have a big role over the public sector activities, make possible by direct channelize of ownership and management and by the elimination of the uprightnesss that promotes the public interest (deregulation), and by means of the reduction of bud beat up for the staple services, that in turn leads to the graver humiliation on the access on public services of the great deal. For example, in privatizing public utilities like the water and agency sector of the Philippines, many detrimental factors be experienced by the the great unwashed, particularly the government workers under the corporation because they were displaced as private compani es turned to date those sectors. The despic fittingest sector of society excessively was immensely affected since those private companies confabk to get lavishly profits which leads to actually high damages at the peoples expense (IBON xi-4).During the Marcos regime, a decree on humanity of government owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs) was made by dint of Presidential Decree (PD 2029) and subsequently on through with(predicate) PD 2030, a policy was made which promulgates privatization. By the clock time of Cory Aquinos regime, this decree was showtime apply through Presidential resolution 50 on the 9th of December in 1986 (TransCo).In 1990, Aquino overly subscribe 6957 or what we call as the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) legal philosophy which has let and approved the hinderance of the private sector in the financing, contracting, operation and also maintenance of alkali projects. But in 1993, when Ramos assumed the presidency, he signed RA 7718 amending the BOT law and further allowed the full involvement of private sector in crucial government development projects. through with(predicate) this act, various forms of privatization schemes have evolved (TransCo).Many reasons were presented by the government regarding the privatization of the GOCCs. To enumerate some, they said that through transferring these assets to the private sector, it would give birth a better efficiency in its operations. Furtherto a greater extent, it was also stated that the government undeniable to collect more than revenues for government spending to improve the economy, and this can solely be done with such move. Also stated as reasons by the government is that first, it would lead to increase in investments which ordain boost up the economy and bequeath also help to develop grocerys for capital coevalss. Through lessening the budget for public services in GOCCs, and selling those which atomic number 18 poorly performing and property-wastin g, the government judge to decrease our budget shortfall and also to re covering fire its expenditures ( sing).START OF NAPOCOR PRIVATIZATIONWhen the case great authority Corporation (NAPOCOR) was created in 1936, our government has principled it to generate and transmit sources of energy firearm letting the private sector to be in complaint of its distribution. But it 1980s, the government has started to piecemeal entrust the entire advocator sector to private companies. From motive Pres. Aquinos executive Order (EO) No. 215 issued in 1987, the office generation sector of NAPOCOR was started to be deregulated. By the force-out of build- cultivate-transfer scheme, EO No. 215 also gave route to private firms to ground and manage origin plants in the country. This situation was further streng and thened when Ramos took over the presidency. RA 7648, the agent Crisis Act of 1993 was passed and encouraged more private companies to equal in the role generation sector of NAPOCOR. Later in 1984, spread discover BOT law was also passed and had given Ramos to have emergency spots which allowed him to extend to contracts, most of which were impertinent corporations, regarding the construction, repair and new(prenominal) technical maintenance of NAPOCOR without the need to bear it through a public bidding (IBON 82-83).Due to the contracts of mostly 10 to 25 years made with the foreign companies, NAPOCOR was obliged to conciliate the power contracted to them whether they had actually produced or consumed power or not. This is what is referred to as the ram or pay provision.According to this provision, NAPOCOR needs to buy 75-80 percent of a firms power capacity even though it didnt really produced or consumed it. This in turn made NAPOCOR to pass the obligation to the local anaesthetic consumers even though they really hadnt consumed even a subaltern part of it, which is really a great burden since it takes about 60 percent of the total power available at the economy. Of course, this is clearly captivaten when power distributors such as Meralco get whole sale power from NAPOCOR and pay for it which is the Purchased Power monetary value Ad bonniement (PPCA) that corresponds it (IBON 83-84). forth from this Purchased Power Cost Adjustment or PPCA, NAPOCOR has also passed the Fuel Cost Adjustment (FCA) fees to the power distributors collectable to the need to do its obligation to tally enough fuel to the firms or power plants in which it had its long-term contract with, regardless of the fluctuations in the terms of oil or fuel in the global market or even in the domestic domain. These two represents of NAPOCOR and wholesale costumers further make up the Fuel and Purchased Power Costs Adjustments or FPCA (IBON 84-85).Furthermore, the contracts made by NAPOCOR to the independent power plants (IPPs) atomic number 18 in dollar order. This solely means that charges between the two entities are affected by the foreign e xchange place or peso-dollar rates to compensate the change in payout because of the continuing weakness of peso bills as against dollars.Due to the fact that these IPPs are owned by foreign companies, they are selling their power to NAPOCOR by almost $20 per megawatt time of day (mWh) higher than the power change to them by their own power generators. Of course, these really high rate would translate and reflect to the additional fees charged to the end-consumers of electrical energy through the purchased power adjustments (PPA) without their power to refuse against it even though in 2002, a review made by the government showed that most of these IPPs has both legal or financial issues and are disadvantageous for the government itself.During the Arroyo administration, this PPA was stillness not stopped in operations of NAPOCOR since it was a great source of income for the government, although we know that the local consumers are the ones who intensely aim from it and also of course not to jeopardize the privatization of NAPOCOR and to continue attracting foreign corporations to invest and participate in such measures of the government.Among some an early(a)(prenominal) trans study corporations (TNCs), NAPOCORs IPPs incorporate energy sectors giants such as Marubeni, Kawasaki, Mitsui, Chevron, and Enron (IBON 85).According to Meralco, PPA is just one cost adjustment mechanism that is passed on to the local consumers, since thither is also the CERA which is intended so that Meralco buy the farm be able to recuperate the changes in operating costs and repayment of pass debt mainly brought about by the changes in foreign exchange rates in which the contracts are bound.Due to this, Meralco claims that only little of the consumer charges go to them, since it originally goes to NAPOCOR as PPA and to the government as franchise tax. But, apparently it turns out that these talent be made up stories or complains since Meralco as a power distributor was al so allowed to have its own IPPs by virtue of occasion Pres. Aquinos EO 215. Meralco has indeed three IPPs which are among the countrys largest companies which supply almost half of its power requirements. This only means that Meralco, having its own IPPs actually earns a lot of money from the PPA. It has also made use of it to make a way out of the controversy arising from the fact that it has monopoly control over power distribution. By this, it was also able to control and manipulate the computations regarding the IPPs which are remarkably its sister companies. For example, basic Gas which is one of its IPPs and partly owned by Meralco itself, was used to make anomalous trans activitys in PPA since Meralco can actually protect and cover the supply cost from the said IPP even though in verity it doesnt even delivered one kilowatt of power to Meralco (IBON 86-89).Meanwhile, we can clearly see that the resolves of letting private corporations participate in the power industry is obdurate to the rationale fag its approval, which among others is to relieve the government from its burden on accompaniment the setting up of power generating plants (UP and Stiftung 115-116). Instead of it happening, the reverse had taken place. NAPOCOR has left over(p) in charge of paying the debt obligations of the IPPs assured by state guarantees which were made to further attract investors. Through those incentives, including long-term power contracts, IPPs were assured that they exiting have come back on investments whatever happens.Electric Power labor domesticate Act (EPIRA)Through the Electric Power Industry Reform Act or EPIRA which is RA 9136, payment for stranded costs of NAPOCOR or the costs due to stranded debts and contracts, were passed on to consumers as a cosmopolitan charge along with the cost of restructuring the power industry. This was implemented during the Arroyo administration when she state that the government moldiness not shoulder this expense but must be recuperated through a universal charge.To further clarify some oldly mentioned terms, stranded debts as part of the stranded cost is the obligations that pass on be left out by NAPOCOR once it is sold to private individuals, while the other one, the stranded contract cost is the difference from the price of electricity from the wholesale market to be set by EPIRA itself and the price from IPPs. Due to this very large cost of NAPOCORs obligations which are partly paying by the government through debt from foreign sources, very high priced bonds were sold by the government to finance its principal obligations mainly due to those long-term contracts. So it is obvious that it has only made the government and the people suffer from paying them instead of getting away from funding large list for power generators, while the private sector like the transnational corporations (TNCs) and other local elites were getting more and more income from it each year do it as its mil king cow. Also it is evident that PPA has only intensified the dependence of government to private sector to pay its foreign debts and its grave situation of national bankruptcy which clearly impacts detrimental effect to the poor Filipino citizens (IBON 89-91).Actually, in 2001, the Arroyo administration had pushed EPIRA to be approved for a great loan to be released, the $900 M ADB Power Sector Restructuring loan which was filed since 1998. IMF had also played a part on its approval, since it made it a condition for it to release a $300 M rehabilitation loan for the Philippines since 1999. By this, we could clearly see that the government had pushed it not to improve the condition of accessible power service to the people, but the adverse that favored the private companies and further strengthened their control over the power service.Transmission Corporation (TransCo)Along EPIRA in 2001, the substructure of a National Transmission Corporation (TransCo) in 2003 under NAPOCOR was a lso signed into law. In line with this, the Arroyo administration had also pushed for its privatization by the mandate of the similar aforementioned law. This TransCo as a GOCC is basically in charge of operating and managing the power contagious disease system of the country which go away get in touch power plants to the electric distribution utilities throughout the Philippines (TransCo). In simple terms, it leave alone be taking control over the transmission and sub-transmission functions, assets, as hygienic as the liabilities of NAPOCOR. TransCo, in taking over the sub-transmission assets ordain manage it until they are finally disposed into their proper distribution utilities which in turn will collar its planning and overall maintenance of those assets. But, as like NAPOCOR, through EPIRA, TransCo is mandated to be privatized through either an outright sale or a management concession contract lasting for about 25 years. The part of Energy (DOE) and the Department of Finance (DOF) were basically in charge in the planning and setting up its transfer to private companies (Cook and Mendoza, 9 68).As again an foreknowation of the government, from privatizing TransCo, it expects a high income which will be used to pay the NAPOCORs remaining debt that is extensively big which will in result lessen or decrease the governments public sector deficit. Aside from that expected revenue from its sale, the government also expects that when a techno orderedly advance and expert private concessionaire will take over the transmission line, it will result to more efficient and world class network. It says that due to the stultify energy crisis, people are hard to be tind with a sound and secured supply of electricity at low rates, so privatization of such sector will be a necessary response to it, while attracting more investments at the energy division (Perez).But, the government actually marginalizes the stake of local power sector by doing this. First, th ey can be exploited since through the privatization of TransCo, it will surely lead to a monopoly of the private business. Since in EPIRA, the cross-ownership of distribution, generation, and transmission under NAPOCOR is allowed, this only means that through the profit-seeking goal of the monopolies over those areas, power rates will still remain indefinable (TransCo).TransCos privatization clearly straightforward the government favoring TNCs as well as local elites like the Lopez classify of Companies in their reinforced power over the Philippines power sector. According to the death chair of PSALM or Public Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Edgardo del Fonso, it would seem not attractive to foreign investors if the assets of TransCo will not be franchised nationwide (PSALM).Actually, base on a primer released by IBON Foundation in 2003, in that location were already at least eight TNCs which had expressed their interest in the privatization of TransCo, not to mention that these TNCs are among the worlds largest. And some of those TNCs were already on hold of some local power industries operations. But due to certain limitations of our constitution, they were only allowed to operate up to 40 percent of the power sector, but then again PSALM had admitted that later on, it is possible that there would be some restructuring to be done to allow greater share of private sector on power service. This only means that possibilities are open on the total foreign control of our local power sector at the expense of the national interest and welfare.As of now, this transmission system under NAPOCOR known as the crown jewel of the governments power privatization program is already at the hands of the private sector. On the 12th of December in 2007, PSALM has conducted a successful bidding for TransCos 25-years concession contract to be able to maintain its functions on transmission. On the year 2008, it finally announce that TransCos transmission function wi ll be transferred under the management of the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP), the successful bidder who offered a US $3.950B for the said concession after(prenominal) the three failed attempts in the front years (PSALM).This was scorn the opposite of various consumer and militant groups like the People Opposed to Warrantless Electricity range (Power) and the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (Bayan) because for them it was a crucial step for the government to take since the burden presently will heavily fall at the local consumers when the winning bidder will make a way to recover its loss and investments at the earliest time possible. As Legazpi cited in her article, according to Tapang, a convener of Power, (Transcos) infrastructure provides a highway for electricity and other uses. Whoever controls it can impose a doorbell fee on users of this highway. In the hands of private interests, there is ever so the potential for abuse in the name of greater profits . Bayan has also released their avowal through their secretary general in the person of Reynato Reyes, adding that TransCo is of strategic immenseness to our economy and so it must remain as state-owned and it is basically a prejudice on the part of the government to continue to such action due to the fact that this will lead to a great adulterate to be carried on by ordinary consumers (Legazpi).Amidst those oppositions, unfortunately on that same year also, the congress had approved a bicameral resolution which will grant franchise of TransCo to NGCP, legitimizing it as a private unit to broaden a public service. By December of that year, former Pres. Arroyo signed the law which will officially grant franchise to NGCP, RA 9511. Following that year, in 2009, TransCo was formally turned over to PSALM in a observation held at PSALMs office in Makati on January 14, 2009. The event importantly indicated the NGCPs authority to start TransCos operation under its new management with At ty. Moslemen T. Macarambon as its first new president. Currently, it is headed by Rolando T. Bacani, president and CEO (TransCo).After the sale transaction of TransCo, NGCP has paid almost US $1B to PSALM as provisioned by the contract as its straight payment for its operation. PSALM is also positive that after TransCos privatization and turning over of NGCP on its operation will last result to an efficient operation and effective maintenance of our transmission network, while counting on the successful record and wide experience of the pool and its foreign partners (PSALM).After TransCos successful bidding and private transfer of ownership, PSALM is still opening its invitation for bidding of other power plants such as those at Naga, Cebu, the Naga Power Plant Complex, in Tongonan, Leyte, the Unified Leyte Geothermal Power Plants, and in Pililia, Rizal, the Malaya Therman Power Plants (PSALM).In 2010, many assets under power generation have been sold as well as its contracted ca pacities. In spite all of those, the PSALM and the government still pushes for further privatization of the power sector.EFFECTS OF PRIVATIZATIONWhen the government resort to privatizing state owned corporations especially those involve in economic services, this basically turn to an impact which is as negative as the liberalization of trade and investment. As a Third dry land country, taking this crucial step marginalizes the interest and welfare of the people and other economic development programs and projects for the country. The people are more vulnerable and are easily affected by the impact of having no transmission lines and the inaccessibility of basic social services. After some years of the promise of amend posture and efficiency of these privatized sectors by the government to the people as the reason behind the privatization of such basic public services, the supposedly good results are unless unseen but on the contrary, public menaces and difficulties are experi enced of the people on that particular service (IBON 131-134).First of all, the government did not had a financial relief on privatizing public services, since like in NAPOCOR and other corporations, the government becomes more bankrupt and indebted to private or foreign investors since privatizing assets only provide short-term or one-time big-time revenue, but in the long run, results to a great dependence on private sector due to the debts incurred after privatization. it has also resulted to a lesser allocation of budget for other social services due to the automatic appropriation of budget to debt religious service mandated by the law. Some privatized assets by the government were also not as considerable since sometimes they are key economic players in the countrys economic growth. Moreover, in the case of privatization of NAPOCOR, the government had shouldered the huge liabilities left when it was privatized, or some parts of it. This results to a huge public funds be used to pay for its interests and amortization. Through state guarantees, the government bore the obligations of the IPPs, which through long-term contracts are assured by the government to have return on its investments no matter what. In short, the government is no more than losing in this kind of program and gradually is put into a arduous bankruptcy. This is one of the main reasons behind the fiscal crisis experienced by national government in 2004 and still contributes to the worsening condition of the economy.On improved efficiencyOne point that is to be remembered regarding privatization is that having the private sector does not necessarily mean that the previously owned and controlled corporation of the government would yield better efficiency. In the first place, they were not created to be profit-oriented but to provide accessible support and basic service to the people. This is critical to the consumers situation, since if the market fails, there should the government to sec ure them against it and continue to provide them its responsibility. Supposedly, our government expect that when private corporations took control over it, they will invest in its improvement, but just like the MWSS privatization, this is not what is actually happening but they use their revenues to lose ones temper their properties around the globe, in short they are not concerned of cleverness of operation of the corporation, but more concerned on how to gain more profits.Peoples access to basic servicesWhen GOCCs are privatized, people can expect spikes in their rates and inaccessibility and unaffordability of the basic service that were previously provided to them by the government in low and accessible prices. Of course this is only logical since private corporations main objective is no other than to get more profit. We can expect this effect to be mostly aggravating to the poor and marginalized Filipino citizens who also try their best to survive with their very small incom e that doesnt increase in real terms and growing projectlessness throughout the country. In fact, almost 20 percent of an average household income is spent to pay their electricity bills alone. Because of this, some of the poor Filipino families had chosen to cut their electricity connection to lessen daily budget costs, or even on some families their supply was cut due to being not able to pay for their high electric bill.Up to now, many the typical Filipino consumers are not able to get basic services at lower or reasonable rates since as like the government said, those privatized institutions should have been more efficient due to improved infrastructure implemented by private firms. But, it just bloated up their rates that the people could precisely pay for it, just like in the power service of NAPOCOR, cost recovery mechanisms were passed to the peoples responsibility. So through that, we can already conclude that when market forces rule without any regulation from the govern ment promoting public welfare, the consumers situation is by and large at stake and worsened.Because of this we can clearly say that where is the choice of power and power choice that the government said and promised to its consumers if the power industry and its functions will be privatized? Clearly, it shows that it was merely a false and deceiving statement.Workers situationsAside from these detrimental impacts, privatization also increases level of unemployment especially in underdeveloped nations like the Philippines. This is due to the fault of workers from the previous state-owned corporations or in other way, through contractualization of those somehow gilt workers left at the privatized corporation. In this way, workers are put in an knowing situation while the private corporation continues to gaining more profits and strip production costs. They are also aggrieved through cutting their wages without their power to stop those private firms.In the restructuring and priva tization of NAPOCOR, more than 2,000 of its employees had already lost their job and currently, as threats of further privatization of electric cooperatives are on the way, this number will possibly increase. Aside from the employees of NAPOCOR who lost their jobs, there are also many workers from industrial and commercial sectors who lost their jobs due to closure of their companies which one of the factors which caused it is the very high electricity rates that they have lesser production that cannot postulate with other industries either around the country or outside. Factory workers also dont get wage hike since their employers insist that they are spending more and more on operation and maintenance costs as industrial electricity rates also sores up.Actually last July 2009, more than 1,000 former workers of TransCo were not accepted by NGCP to continue their work on it after 5 months of transition period, despite having EPIRA assurances that were not that effective afterwwards . This was due to the high NGCP standards in accepting new employees according to the Mindanao Transco Employees Union or Mintrea. in advance TransCo was privatized, the consortium of the private companies to take over it said that they will not let those more than 5,000 employees of TransCo to lose their jobs instead they will again claim them even privatization is already done. But according to Walder Revellar, North Luzon chapter president of Mintrea, most of the TransCo employees suffered retrenchment even before when NAPOCOR was started to be privatized when reorganization within the sector began. Most of them were of old age but has not reached the age of hideaway on the new private administration of TransCo due to forced leave since according to them, they dont have the full capacity to absorb all of the previous workers of TransCo. Being too old to be rehired, workers like them as a result had difficulties in finding new jobs because of their age constraint. Some of the pr evious employees also are at young age, which are said to be too young to be retired, that could have done great job on TransCo if they were not removed from their jobs as Revellar stressed out also. Unfortunately, despite the workers complains they couldnt anything about that concern because it has been transferred already to the private sector (Inquirer).After of all the results of TransCo privatization, it only appears to us that the government is just making a way to decline its social responsibility to the state and most especially to the people in providing the basic services that it must provide in the first place. Public utilities and services play an important role in defend the poor and marginalized sector of society so letting the free-market and the market forces operate on its own on those assets would defy the public assets original feeling like the power sector in generating efficient and affordable electricity throughout the country. It had also meant a lesser gove rnment intervention to the economic and social activities of the state, and so it results to peoples situation becoming worse over time as private sector continues to exploit our resources and earn super-profits. This should not be tolerated since first and foremost, these are all done at the peoples expense.