A Study On Becks Theory Psychology Essay

A as accredited On Becks Theory Psychology Es bring forwardBecks hypothesis states that Individuals with damage attitudes be standardizedly to show increases in dispirited mood chase the accompaniment of proscribe levelts. From the cognitive perspective, we heap say that nonion is findd by geniuss persuasion. soulfulness with impaired attitudes track d induces to think forbidly toward themselves. When a detrimental take downt occurs which relates to that person, it triggers the disal measly thoughts everywhere and over again which gage lead to falling off. Beck believed that the cognitive signals of imprint actu totallyy precede the affective and mood symptoms of low, rather than vice versa. Becks briny argument was that depression was instituted by iodins view of iodinself, instead of unity having a cast unwrap view of oneself due to depression. For example, Abela and DAlessandros (2002) found that the students banish views about their opposi te(a) powerfully controlled the interaction between impaired attitudes and the increase in blue mood. The research clearly backed up Becks claim that those at take chances for depression due to dysfunctional attitudes who did non get into their college of choice then(prenominal) doubted their nexts, and these thoughts lead to symptoms of depression. The other cause of depression would be a persons neighborly relationship with their surroundings and the passel around them. Hammen and Brennan (2001) found that 13% of the sons and 23.6 % of the daughters who were down(p) had down(p) mothers as comp atomic number 18d to 3.9% of the sons and 15.9% of the daughters who were grim lacked a dispirit mother. From the neighborly perspective, we suffer that the child be happens dispirited because of the social relationship with his or her mother which shows how the amicable environment around someone fuel entice the behaviour or thinking of the person. The low adolescent s of grim mothers were be cheeks more likely to present dysfunctional cognitions about their hearty selves and worlds. (Hammen Brennan, 2001, p. 8) This clearly contradicts becks argument that depression is cause by dysfunctional cognition alone not vice versa. Hammen and Brennan (2001) discussed that adolescents gets demoralize because of the interpersonal relationship with their mothers which then later lead them into dysfunctional cognitions. Whereas, beck states that dysfunctional attitudes comes first which then later on lead the person into depression. some other contradiction of these two concepts is that one states that depression is ca employ by the inner thinking without the influence of another person and on the contrary, the other is cause by the surrounding commonwealth and how they be down. Second SectionCognitive Theory Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes argon likely to show increases in downhearted mood following the occurrence of electronegative e vents which is stated in Becks system. We can say that depression is cause by ones thinking from the cognitive perspective. Someone with dysfunctional attitudes tends to think negatively toward themselves. When a negative event shows up, it triggers the negative thoughts over and over again which can lead to depression. The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in downhearted mood following the occurrence of negative events is caused by negative views of the proximo . Becks cognitive theory of depression has generated a vast ashes of semiempirical research.Central to Becks theory is the construct of schemas(Becks (1967, 1983). Beck defines schemas as stored bodies of knowledge that affect the encoding, cognizance and retrieval of nurture. The content and organization of diametrical undivideds schemas vary according to their limited experiences. Once activated, depressogenic schemas provide access to a complex system of negative themes and cognitions wh ich get out lead to negative cognitive ternary(Becks (1967, 1983). Beck defines the negative cognitive triad as a negative view of the self, the world and the future. Beck hypothesizes that the negative cognitive triad is a satisfactory cause of depression and willing pelf showing some depressive symptoms such as deficits in affective, motivational, behavioural and physiological functioning(John R. Z. Abela,2000). Beck also states that there atomic number 18 three main dysfunctional depression themes (or schemas) that dominate depress tribes thinking (Natalie Staats Reiss, Ph.D, 2007) I am defective or inadequate, All of my experiences publication in defeats or failures, and The future is hopeless.Together, these three themes ar described as the Negative Cognitive Triad. When these beliefs atomic number 18 present in someones cognition, depression is very likely to occur. demoralise commonwealth will tend to demonstrate selective maintenance to information, which matches their negative expectations, and selective inattention to information that contradicts those expectations. Faced with a closely po mountive performance review, depressed people will manage to find and focus in on the one negative comment that keeps the review from being perfect. They tend to magnify the grandeur and meanings in the negative events, and minimize the importance and meanings in exacting events. commonly this kind of situation will happen quite an unconsciously which is will maintain a depressed persons core negative schemas in the await of contradictory show, and they will remain feeling hopeless about the future even when the evidence suggests that things will get better. Beck hypothesizes that depressogenic schemas are typically latent in individuals which vulnerable to depression and must be activated by relevant stressors or event in order to exert their influence on information processing(Becks (1967, 1983). In the absence of such aversive action e vents, depressogenic schemas remain inactive and do not exert an influence on patterns of thinking. Based on the research done by a multitude of researchers from Canada, (John R. Z. Abela and David U. DAlessandro,De trigger offment of Psychology, McGill University), they used a short-term longitudinal design in which participants dysfunctional attitudes were assessed prior to the occurrence of a negative event. The manner that they pose used was 136 high school seniors applying to the University of Pennsylvania completed measures of depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes 1-8 weeks before receiving their admissions decision and denoted as (Time 1). The assessment of dysfunctional attitudes was preceded by a primary task designed to activate latent depressogenic schemas in all participants. Participants also observed on thier depressed mood, negative views of the self, and negative views of the future shortly after they drop deadd their admissions decision and denoted as (Tim e 2) and four age later as (Time 3). The military issue from this research was consistent with the factor of Becks theory. The participants who are dysfunctional attitudes look toed increases in depressed mood immediately following a negative admissions outcome (Time 2). In addition, according to the the causal mediation component of the theory, for negative outcome students, the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood was caused by negative views of the future. Contrary to predictions, however, this relationship was not intermediate by negative views of the self. In addition, opposite to predictions, dysfunctional attitudes did not predict enduring depressed mood after a negative outcome (Time 3). Some studies defend found no support for the diathesis-stress component of the theory. For example, exploitation a psychiatric in- unhurried sample, Persons and Rao (1985) reported that irrational beliefs (Ellis, 1962) did not interact with nega tive events to predict increases in depressive symptoms seven months after discharge. Similarly, using a three-month future design, Barnett and Gotlib (1988a, 1990) reported that dysfunctional attitudes did not interact with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms.Social Theory The early onset of depression commonly recalled by depressed liberals. (Burke, Burke, Regier, Rae, 1990) The increasing rate of depression in youngsters is portentously impairing and it indicates return key and continuity into adulthood. One of the best empirically supported predictors of depression in youth is having a depressed mother. in that location is no single unite social model of depression but rather various empirical and theoretical knowledges that emphasize interpersonal cognitions and behaviors. As for the mother, a key typical of the interpersonal perspective is a particular emphasis on the dysfunctional, abnormal or unhealthy interpersonal behavior or interaction within a group transaction between the person and the social environment. (Joiner Coyne, 1999) dis whitethorn individuals often function wildly in marriages and relationships with family members. (Barnett Gotlib, 1988 Rao, Hammen, Daley, 1999 Weissman Paykel, 1974) They may engage maladaptively, adapting poorly to a situation with others in counsellings that contribute to the occurrence of interpersonal stressful life events, which eventually might cause win depression. (Davila, Hammen, Burge, Pa-ley, Daley, 1995 Hammen, 1991) low people are often dependent on others and makek self-assertion in ways that distance others.(Barnett Gotlib, 1988 Joiner Metalsky, 1995) They often overvalue relationships as sources of self-worth but may also pretend acquired negative beliefs about the availability and trustiness of others .In turn, prolong course of depression may be due to negative attitudes by family members. (Hooley, Orley, Teasdale, 1986 Hooley Teasdale, 1989 Keit ner et al., 1995) Although many of the interpersonal deficiencies noted in depressed individuals may be depressive state dependent, a number of the cited studies study indicated enduring difficulties even when the person is not currently depressed. Obviously not all depressive disorders are functionally linked to maladaptive interpersonal relationships but research strongly suggests the importance of the contribution of social behaviors and beliefs in promoting depression and its recurrence. The acquisition of dysfunctional schemas about the self and others, and the deficiencies in interpersonal skills, may set the gunpoint for vulnerability to depression, particularly when stressors are encountered that deplete or challenge the childs smack of worth, competence, and social relatedness. The depressed children of depressed mothers were also highly likely to have elevated rates of interpersonal and departure life events, reflecting at to the lowest degree in part their relative d ifficulties in negotiating interpersonal relationships. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to have dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and world. They more likely compared to depressed children of non depressed women to report fewer friends and social activities. In my opinion, social vulnerabilities of offspring of depressed women may contribute to front onset of depressive disorders and worse clinical features. Although biological and genetic factors may step up risk for early onset, acquisition of interpersonal vulnerabilities may also ending in early experiences of depressive disorders. The homogeneity permits evaluation of differences between groups that are not mistaken with age effects. Moreover, young adolescence is a developmental period during which social activities and alliances outside of the family take on increasing importance. The most noticeable differences among the groups occurred in interpersonal functioning. Indicators of ongoing social role performance revealed more impaired functioning in social domains, with a particularly marked problem, not surprisingly, in relationships with family members for depressed youth of depressed mothers. The depressed children of depressed mothers were also highly likely to have elevated rates of interpersonal and conflict life events, reflecting at least in part their relative difficulties in negotiating interpersonal relationships. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to evidence dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and worlds. They were significantly more likely than depressed children of non depressed women to report fewer friends and social activities. However, It is provokeing that depressed children of depressed mothers were more positive about their romantic appeal than depressed children of non depressed women, possibly indicating earlier involvement or greater. (Gotlib, Lewinsohn, Seeley, 1998) An of import implication of subgroup differences may be that the depressed youth of depressed women, because of interpersonal difficulties, will have earlier and more frequent recurrences of depression, which could result from stressors associated with inability to adapt to social demand. Moreover, it might be speculated that youth interpersonal difficulties might lead to adult social difficulties, including dysfunctional marital relationships and even transmission of depression to their own offspring. From the study, it is interesting that there was a tendency for a high potent proportion among the outcome of depressed women, while most of the depressed children of non depressed women were girls. In conclusion, the results are consistent with the perspective that depression among children of depressed mothers is particularly likely to occur in the context of difficulties in their interpersonal skills and perceptions of others towards them. The youths difficulties may represent a mechanism of intergenerational transmission of depression that results in part from the parents own interpersonal difficulties acquired in their childhood family environments. Last but not least, aggressive accostment of the social dysfunctions has to be taken. Third Section first gear / Major depressive disorder low gear is a medical illness that involves the thought and body. It also known as study depression, major depressive disorder and clinical depression which is by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or joyousness in unremarkably enjoyable activities.. It affects patients feel, think and behave which lead to a variety of ablaze and physical problems. Major depression is a disabling condition which adversely affects a persons family, work or school life, stillnessing and eating habits, and oecumenic health. Sub grammatical cases at that place are five further subtypes of major depressive disorder called specifiers to zi p fastener the length, severity and presence of psychotic features Melancholic depression loss of pastime in most or all activities, a failure of responsiveness to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early morning waking, psychomotor retardation, excessive pack or excessive guilt. maverick depression mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant load gain or increased appetite (comfort eating), excessive sleep or sleepiness (hypersomnia), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant social impairment as a consequence of hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection.Catatonic depression a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. The person is mute and nearly stuporose, and either remains immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Cataton ic symptoms also occur in schizophrenia or in manic episodes, or may be caused by neuroleptic agent malignant syndrome. Postpartum depression (Mild mental and behavioral disorders associated with the puerperium) refers to the intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a form of depression in which depressive episodes come on in the autumn or winter, and resolve in spring. The diagnosing is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times, over a two-year period or longer. Causes of firstDepression has no single cause often, it results from a combining of things. Whatever its cause, depression is not just a state of mind. It is related to physical changes in the brain, and connected to an imbalance of a type of chemical substance that carries signals in your brain and nerves. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters. Some of others factors involved in d epression areFamily history Genetics play an important part in depression. It can run in families for generations.Trauma and stress Things like pecuniary problems, the breakup of a relationship, or the death of a loved one can bring on depression. People can plump depressed after any unwelcome change in life patterns, like starting a new channel, graduating from school, or getting married can trigger a depressive episode.1Pessimistic personalityPeople who have low self-esteem and a negative outlook are at higher risk of becoming depressed. These traits may actually be caused by subordinate depression. Physical conditions Serious medical conditions like heart disease, cancer, and HIV can contribute to depression, partly because of the physical weakness and stress they bring on. Depression can light up medical conditions worse, since it weakens the immune system and can make inconvenience harder to bear. In some cases, depression can be caused by medications used to treat medica l conditions. For example, some medications that are used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, seizures, extreme pain, and to achieve contraception can result in depression. Even some psychiatric medications like some sleep aids and medications to treat alcoholism and anxiety can contribute to the development of depression.Lack of neurochemicals the depressive disorders appears to be associated with altered brain serotonin and norepinephrine systems. The distinct types of schizophrenia are associated with an imbalance of dopamine ( too much) and serotonin (poorly regulated) in certain areas of brain. Both neurochemicals (serotonin and norepinephrine) are lower in depressed people.Other mental disordersAnxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia, persistent deprivation in infancy, physical or sexual abuse, clusters of certain personality traits, and inadequate ways of header (maladaptive cope mechanisms) can increase the frequency and severity of depressive disordersSympt omsFeelings of sadness or lugubriousnessIrritability or frustration, even over small mattersLoss of interest or pleasure in normal activitiesInsomnia or excessive dormancyChanges in appetite depression often causes decreased appetite and weight loss, but in some people it causes increased cravings for food and weight gainAgitation or restlessness for example, pacing, hand-wringing or an inability to sit stillFatigue, tiredness and loss of energy even small tasks may seem to require a lot of effortFeelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or blaming yourself when things arent going rightSlowed in thinking, utter or body movements, concentrating, making decisions and remembering thingsFrequent thoughts of death, dying or suicideUnexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headachesTreatments and Suggestion PsychotherapyPsychotherapy can be delivered to individuals or groups by mental health professionals including psychotherapists, psychiatrists, psychol ogists, clinical social workers, counselors, and psychiatric nurses. talk the2rapies dish up patients gain insight into their problems and resolve them through verbal tidings with the therapist. It reduces the recurrence of depression even after it has been terminated or replaced by occasional booster sessions.Types of therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help to happen upon and change thought and behavior patterns that contribute to depression. People who are depressed tend to think negatively. Therefore, cognitive behavioral therapy teaches patients how to identify and challenge the negative thoughts and helps to obtain more satisfaction and rewards through their own actions. social therapylooks at how depression can be connected to troubled emotional relationships. Interpersonal therapists focus on the patients disturbed personal relationships that both cause and worsen the depression.Psychodynamic therapy links depression to traumas and conflicts that happened ea rlier in your life, especially during childhood. It can be a short-term treatment, although it is often a longer process. The therapists focus on resolving the patients internal psychological conflicts that are typically thought to be rooted in childhood. Long-term psychodynamic therapies are particularly important if there seems to be a lifelong history and pattern of inadequate ways of coping (maladaptive coping mechanisms) in negative or self-injurious behavior.Group therapyallows you and other people with depressionor people with the same issues that contributed to your depressionto follow together with a therapist and share experiences. Antidepressants Antidepressants are treatment method by the help of medication to treat the physical state in the brain. Psychologists identified that when certain chemicals in the brain (such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) are out of balance, depression can occur. People with chronic depression may desire to take medication inde finitely to avoid relapse. Hence, antidepressants can be help to improve the symptoms of depression by bringing those chemicals back into balance. Some of the major types of antidepressants are discussed below NDRIs (Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors) are a type of antidepressant that increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine by pulley-block their reuptake in the brain. Buproprion is the only antidepressant within this class of drugs approved by the FDA. position effects may include weight loss, loss of appetite, and dry mouth. SSRIs (Selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) such as sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram are a widely used type of antidepressant. SSRIs increase serotonin in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake in the brain. These types of antidepressants can cause sexual side effects. SNRIs (Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) work in much the same way as an SSRI. SNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. SNRIs may also cause side effects similar to SSRIs. Electroconvulsive therapyElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure whereby pulses of electricity are sent through the brain via two electrodes, usually one on each temple, to induce a seizure while the patient is under a short general anaesthetic. ECT can have a quicker effect than antidepressant therapy and thus may be the treatment of choice in emergencies such as catatonic depression where the patient has stopped eating and drinking, or where a patient is disadvantageously suicidal. ECT is useful for certain patients, particularly for those who cannot take or have not responded to a number of antidepressants. ECT often is effective in cases where trials of a number of antidepressant medications do not provide sufficient relief of symptoms. This procedure probably works, as previously mentioned, by a massive neurochemical release in the brain due to the controlled seizure.Opinion In my opinio n, there is more than one way to skin a mongoose. There are a lot of difference perspectives to look at the causes of depression. There might be environmental, biological, psychological, physical, or some incidents that cause individual to depress. It is quite difficult to differentiate between a depressed people from a normal one. Hence, by looking at the symptom of depression is one of the ways to diagnose the disease. Therefore, we will discussion about how depress symptom appears and may leads to occurrence of depression. At first, we choose to use cognitive theory as an approach to explain how people get depressed which can be apply in most cases. Cognitive theory formula that depression results from maladaptive, faulty, or irrational cognitions taking the form of distorted thoughts and opinions. Depressed people think differently than non-depressed people, and it is this difference in thinking that causes them to become depressed. For example, depressed people tend to view themselves, their environment, and the future negative, pessimistic light. As a result, depressed people tend to misinterpret facts in negative ways and blame themselves for any misfortune that occurs. This negative thinking and judgment style functions as a negative bias it makes it easy for depressed people to see situation as being much worse than they really are, and increases the risk that such people will develop depressive symptoms in response to stressful situations. The depressive symptoms are also the cognitive approach to the depressive individual where all the symptoms are causes by themselves. For example, they have feelings of sadness or unhappiness, irri3tability or frustration, even over small matters, loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities, insomnia or excessive sleeping and others. All the symptoms are from patient mind. They tend to ignore positive information, pay exaggerated attention to negative information, and to engage in overgeneralization, whic h occurs when people assume that because some topical anaesthetic and isolated event has turned out badly, this means that all events will turn out badly. For example, depressed people may refuse to see that they have at least a few friends, or that they have had some successes across their lifetime (ignoring the positive). Or they might dwell on and blow out of proportion the hurts they have suffered (exaggerating the negative). Other depressed people may convince themselves that nobody loves them or they always mess up (overgeneralizing). In addition, cognitive theory also suggested that people are make by the interactions between their behaviors, thoughts, and environmental events. Each piece in the bewilder can and does affect the shape of the other pieces. Human behavior ends up being largely a product of learning, which may occur vicariously, as well as through direct experience. Depressed peoples self-concepts are different from non-depressed peoples self-concepts as we m ention earlier. They tend to hold themselves solely responsible for bad things in their lives and are full of self-recrimination and self-blame. They also tend to have low levels of self-efficacy (a persons belief that they are capable of influencing their situation). Therefore, they tend to set their personal goals too high, and then fall short of reaching them. Repeated failure further reduces feelings of self-efficacy and leads to depression. Nevertheless, of all the factors which by the depressed individual, they are just feeling order toward themselves for blaming the failure and uselessness. However, there also a cause to major depression which is appearing of a stressful event triggered their depressive episode. The stressful event set forth depressive episodes create changes in the brains chemistry that make it more likely that future episodes of depression will develop. The stressful experiences often take away a persons sense of control and can cause great emotional fe rment and pain. Sometimes, even positive life changes such as getting married or having a baby can trigger a depressive episode. another(prenominal) approach of theory which I personally think is very important causes to depression is by using Behavioral Theories. Behavioral Theories uses principles of learning theory to explain human behavior. Therefore, according to behavioral theory, we can say that dysfunctional or unhelpful behavior such as depression is learned. A person can be depressing because of the environmental stressors cause them to receive a low rate of positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when people fo something they find pleasurable and rewarding. When people receive positive reinforcement, it wills increases the chances that people will repeat the sorts of actions they have taken that led them to receive that reinforcement. In other words, people will tend to repeat those behaviors that get reinforced. However, depressed people do not know how t o cope with the fact that they are no longer receiving positive reinforcements like they were before. A depressed people typically have a heightened state of self-awareness about their lack of coping skills that often leads them to self-criticize and withdraw from other people. For example, a man who has been fired from his job and encounters difficulty finding a new job might become depressed. In a nutshell, depression can be cause by the internal and external factors such as peoples thoughts, perceptions, evaluations, expectations, behavior and so on. Hence, at the last part of our research on depression, we had generated an equation for the causes of depression by using cognitive theory and behavioral theory which applicable for most of the depression cases. DEPRESSION = f stressful events, dysfunctional attitudes, depressive symptoms, loss of positive reinforcement 1 Subtypes of DepressionDiagnosis and Medical Management. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /pmc/articles/PMC1237582/2 Understanding Depression Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Help. Retrieved March 6 2010 from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/depression_signs_types_diagnosis_treatment.htm3 Depression Treatment. Therapy, Medication, and Lifestyle Changes That Can Help. Retrieved from 6 March 2010 from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/treatment_strategies_depression.htm