Good Mothers Bad Gang

Anita Ander tidings Dr. Mike Calvert puerile Wasteland 18, July 2011 Good Mom/ noxious Gang Kids on the street, p arnts that dont c argon, come outing for a reek of family or be do you see a child at risk? While in some cases this may be true, in many instances this is non the case. In her article Mothers, Sons, and The Gangs Susan Horton tells of ternion different confederacy members and their families. Although the families had different backgrounds, beliefs, and techniques they all told sh atomic number 18d in common paroles who were annulus members.They are receives who care scarcely form to face alone the battle of top their give-and-takes in a community lost to halos. In Hortons article we are introduced to three different families whose sons are involved with bunchs. Teresa Rodriguez who still feels foreign and shy(p) about the culture of America. Maggie Garcia who was raised in the same neighborhood as her son and believes that loyalty to the neighborhood is just and understandable. Gayle Thomas Kary, beca use of goods and services of financial struggles was impel into the gang community and fought her best to save her son.These young men were all minors living in a society pressured by gang affiliation. Although their homes had loving mothers their gangs had friends, boldness, acceptance, and a way of sustenance. There may be some(prenominal) deep-s beated, underling motives for joining gangs Those who join gangs are struggling with the classic, desperate need of adolescence for the end of childhood for acceptance as an adult for sexual, social and sparing identity for status and success for respect and a sense of belonging. Sheldon, Tracy, Brown 77) Not all of these aspects are apparent in gang members but at least one is. In Teresa Rodriguezs case her son at thirteen unbeknown to her belonged to the gang Sur 13. Because of his boldness he was shot and the family home has been victim to drive-bys ever since. The bullet missed hi s shopping center and fortunately he survived. Still he did non learn his lesson and claimed that he did not care if he died. Finally his mother threatened to organize him to live in Mexico if he continued to go out. He did not essential that, so he stinged inside.But that has not stopped him from impregnation or acting like a member of the Sur 13. by and by the incident of the shooting Rodriguez as well found out that all three of her older sons were part of gangs. Her 16-year-old threw away his cholo clothes right when he comprehend about his brother. He had not been with the gang since then. The two older boys are very repentant, but it is the father had always left rearing the children to the mother he did not have a plastered, active, male role model. So, maybe he matt-up as if he had no other alternatives.Maggie Garcia in like manner has a son who is a gang member but her side and approach to her sons affiliation is very different. She was raised in the same neigh borhood as she raised her son in she understands how a good deal the neighborhood could mean. During school her son got into a fight with a impact gang member because each claimed a different neighborhood. Her son was expelled and she felt the school principal at his school was upset because my son had stated that he would die for his neighborhood, but if he had said that if he would have died for his country, the principal probably would have given him an award.This mom understood that the danger in the inter-neighborhood conflicts that her son gets into because other family members have been lost to such conflicts. Sadly this is not enough for her to forbid her son from being with his friends. She feels that by doings so would be like her son telling her not to be with her friends. Garcia follows quasi(prenominal) problems as the Rodriguez family she mentions her history and connection to the neighborhood. In this story the father is also withdraw and the mother supports her son and find it difficult to believe that her son is wrong.She does not have a bad relationship with her son but he receives no discipline or clear-cut parameters from her. She seems to feel that he is loyal to his friends and at times perhaps takes his loyalty a minuscular too far. Garcia seems to adopt the boys will be boys attitude and does not want to believe that her son may be committing crimes or may be with the wrong crowd or may be in a gang. When he was arrested she insisted that he was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. She could not accept that maybe he is doing wrong and that he should have known better than to be in such situations.She tells him to stay out of the fire but her words are not strong enough to keep him out. Although she is not a bad mother, she is not adult her son reason to stay out of gangs. Because she could no longer endure to live in a community where her son had more opportunities and alternatives her son joined the only other thing, the gangs. The story of Gayle Thomas Kary may be the saddest one because the she tried everything and when she ultimately thought she succeeded her son, Jamee, died as a moment of gang violence. Kary did more than the others, discipline, rules and action.When she caught her son cutting up soap to look like cocaine she sent him to his father, perhaps a change of locus would make the difference, but three weeks later, his dad sent him back because he couldnt control him. She tried reasoning with him telling him fast life goes fast. (Horton) When he was arrested for possession of cocaine Kary was highly relieved but to her humiliation he was let out on probation. Kary refused to accept him and he was sentenced to insubstantial hall and a youth camp. When he was released he had a probation policeman Kary could unit of ammunition to.Jamee was tired of life on the streets and his probation officer convinced him to turn himself into a youth facility away from Los Angeles. Finally things were turning approximately and he really seemed to have changed. He was like the child she use to know Unfortunately when she let him go out with his friends to get something to eat he was shot and died. She did everything she could but still she could not save her sons life. irrelevant the other two mothers Kary was really able to turn her son Jamee around. She finally made him understand and she can say that his death was an accident.He was not just a number or a statistic of children lost to gang violence. Although, these mothers were, loving they could not help that a major factor was absent from their sons lives, their fathers. The fathers may have been there but none seemed to take an active role in their childrens lives. Parents can make a difference in their childrens lives but many times they cannot do it alone. Gangs are not only the problem of the parents it is a problem of society. To prevent gangs, society, police, and parents have to work together to keep gangs out o f neighborhoods and also to address the alert gang problem. Ojile) It may be easier to blame the parents but the verity is the parents are not only the ones to blame. We have to realize that in a society where gangs are the neighborhood it could be our son, our daughter, our nephew, etc. that is lost in the gangs. Works Cited Horton, Susan. Mothers, Sons and the Gangs. Los Angeles Times 16 Oct. 1988. Print. Ojile, Todd. Gang Activity in Wichita. Teenage Wasteland. Baker University, Wichita Campus, Wichita, Kansas. 25 July 2011. Lecture. Shelden, Randall G. , Sharon K. Tracy, and William B. Brown. Youth Gangs in American Society. Belmont, CA Thomson/Wadsworth, 2004. Print.

Focus On The Learner

talky has approximately sixer years of formal education, where he learnt most of the face he put ons to proclaim with and a further two weeks of lessons he received whilst at a BBC centre. chatty currently has no formal release experience however, he is knowledge equal to(p) in the field of galvanic engineering and has had some(a) promiscuous experience in this sector. He is highly motivated to learn the face language and his primary goal for this is that so he may champion day attend University perhaps to further his appreciation and love for music or to continue and learn more in the field of electrical engineering.This goal motivates loquacious and is highly evident in the way he endeavourers to be an astute savant. Learning Styles and Preferences Whilst observing Gabby in the schoolroom and through speaking to him unrivalled-on- one it is apparent that his preferred style of information is more centered on visual/spatial and kinesthesia modes of receipt. His co nsequence of the sensory styles quiz compounds these assumptions and show that Gabby is able to receive and touch information more efficiently if it is visually presented to him either by flashcards, pictures or realize.During classroom observation it was evident that Gabby is highly inter soulfulnessal during pair-work activities he discussed the t take enthusiastically with his partner and also listened attentively to their views. When nominated to dish a question Gabby would usually consequence remunerately, this shows his understanding of and relish for communicative language. Gabby excels in group based activities and prefers these to individual tasks where he must work alone. The survey also reflected Gabby more demonstrable kinesthesia sensory style, in the classroom he would be disc over taking part in physical activities very enthusiastically.He enjoys movement and exercise, and learns crack in this way he also mentioned his love for the game of football game which he played regularly in the DRP. Linguistic Ability Strengths Gaffs govern of spoken English language is average, he often pa personas to call up of a word and his pronunciation and grammar are weak at metres, however, given the time frame that Gabby has been actually speaking the language it is quite impressive. He is more than able to express his opinion or of necessity in spite of appearance the classroom environment.Gabby is quite able to read a evaluate methamphetamine of text, although he may take some time and get stop on real unfamiliar row, he has shown the ability to perform amount of money reading tasks quite capably. He also admitted his preference for reading philander novels which he uses to enhance his reading acquisitions. The strength in Cabbys pen science is shown in his remarkably accurate spelling. Although he makes some grammatical errors his makeup is generally legible and comprehensible. His formation of written words is sensible and corresponds to their respective(prenominal) phonemic sounds.Although hearing is not one of Cabbys strengths he is tie able to understand English speakers or instructions that are given to him verbally, twain the meaning and context Of what he is required to do are pass away to him. Gabby performs well in gist listening based tasks. Gabby mental lexicon is quite extended, he has the ability to learn new words rapidly and use them in the remunerate context. He often pauses when speaking, to think of a word, merely he eventually remembers it and uses it cook uply. His level of functional phrase entrust enable him to navigate most everyday situations with ease.At times Gabby does make some grammatical mistakes but he often endeavors to correct himself. He is aware of most basic grammatical rules, for example, y changing to ices for certain countable nouns. He rat often be discover writing down new grammatical rules and examples during lessons, thus showing his keenness to emend in this area. Cabbys pronunciation of most words is clear and understandable, for new vocabulary he often responds well to drilling and repeats the word until he feels it is correct.He kit and caboodle very hard to improve his pronunciation and fire be observed self- correcting at times. Linguistic Ability -? Weaknesses Completed table attached. Activities Skill audience for specific information (New Cutting Edge primary(a) Students admit pig. 10) This task requires the student to work on his own, as individual work is something Gabby struggles with, this activity allow for be challenging and requires him to work on his own and streng because his ability to listen for specific information.The teacher willing hand out copies of the General Knowledge Quiz and ask the learner to visualise through the questions and answer as many as he can. This is a Test-Teach-Test based adaptation that will allow the student to error correct himself after listening o the audio. The teacher then play s the recording and asks the student to listen out for the various pieces of information that are required to answer the questions. After hearing and answering the student can compare and correct his errors, thereby learning from his mistakes.Gabby is an Elementary level learner and this activity is graded as such. Although it does not tie in with his personal interest in music it is general knowledge and touches on various areas that Gabby may be interested in (brands, currency, Jennifer Lopez etc. ). Activities System Grammar Present unsubdivided (New Cutting Edge Elementary Work make pig. 22/23). The various activities over the two pages deal with grammar related activities, specifically with the present simple.This is an area Gabby has some difficulty with, and he often confuses tenses which leads to grammatical errors. The activities consist of a mixture of gap rent and answering activities that will improve suaveness in present simple. The teacher will hand out copies of the activities and ask the learner to work individually. A high level of monitoring and mesmerism with the aid of examples will be necessary as Gabby is an Elementary level learner.Focus on the LearnerFrench student from the elected Republic of the Congo in the intermediate class. sidekick was born in Albumins. He got his Matrix in 2008 and attended university for 2 years ahead and hes learning English so that he can continue his studies in South Africa. The reason Im learning English is that I am a French speaker and I wand to study in a English country, he writes. Learner style chum salmon response positively towards practical sessions.During an interview with Sidekick, he also reinforced this statement by saying that he prefers doing something and/or seeing something quite than just listening. This would conjure that he is mostly kinetic and visual with an emphasis on kinetic. These examples can be seen when asked to physically apply what hes learned. Learners four skills Observing Sidekick, Ive noticed that he struggles a little in each form, but that his weakest area is reading. He also struggles with speaking and writing, but both are connected in the sense that he translates directly from French.In English this would change something that he serial publication Into a thin, straight, hand-held stick. Theres also certain problems that occur with tenses, as I will mention In language systems. Sidekick also makes use of a speaking rhythm that is unnatural in English. In English phonetics and phonology a practical dustup By Peter Roach, abrasive explains that theres a difference between the rhythm of English and French. French makes use of a syllable timed rhythm and that all syllables whether stressed or unaccented occur at regular intervals.Listening Sidekick follows natural speech rather easily. Reading The main concern Ive found is that while Sidekick can continue with listening,writing and speaking with mistakes, he stops when encounters a wo rd that he is unfamiliar with. Writing Along with his speaking the problem is tense usage. new(prenominal) problems are spelling mistakes. Hell write words exactly as they sound. verbiage systems After viewing 3 letters that I received from Sidekick, I observed several common mistakes. Continuous and simple forms My hobbles are Sports, go to the cinema, Ana listening music. He would use go to (Instead AT going to) Ana listening sic (instead of listening to music. ) It shows logic in the forms that he use, but that theres some confusion of when to use continuous and simple tenses. Pronunciation As mentioned before, Sidekick often replaces the It/ sound with the d/ sound. Areas where the student call for help So utmost Sidekicks greatest problems stem from the use of succeeding(a) tenses and question tenses. For questions he will at times confuse the subject and verb e. G. Muff are turkey cock? and Are you Tom? The emphasis on his words imply contrary meanings as weve learned during class. The former acknowledging that the speaker is vaguely familiar with the person and the latter purely asking. After reviewing his letters, Ive decided that its not Just his future tense that is the problem, but that he still struggles with most tenses. The activities Ive selected and why For the skill Ive focused on reading. Continuous reading will help Sidekick see how to language is used, and if he stops reading Just because of one word, then hell never progress any further.At the same time, the activity Ive chosen for his reading, also applies to the other language area he requires help in Vocabulary. The activity isnt focused on his learning style, but what he needs help in. Its been downloaded from www. Insidious. Net and has several tasks which will help him to improve. The gap fill will allow him to look at the entire sentence and then get him the gist of words. There is also a task which will improve his spelling and use of parts of speech, another area that he struggles with. For the language area, Ive chosen tenses in general.Sidekick has claimed that its only the future tense that confuses him, but Judging by his written work, theres also other tenses that he needs help on. The activity is Snakes and Ladders Tenses from Cutting Edge Upper Intermediate students book by Sarah Cunningham and Peter Moor. The questions were all changed to apply to his level and weaknesses. This game focuses on his kinetic and visual needs, helping him learn in a blood cell and fun setting. References www. London-translations. Co. UK www. Insidious. Net Moor. English phonetics and phonology a practical course By Peter Roach Class notes

Examine the ecological impacts of global warming for Arctic areas Essay

Global warming is the general increase in just temperature globally over a period of time. This can have an return on the safety in a multitude of social, political and environmental ways For deterrent example, the Arctic Circle is home to over 150,000 Inuits, whose primary fodder source is fish and seals. As a result of global warming, arctic ice has receded greatly over the last 10 years, subverting seal capture grounds, and so limiting access to Inuit food supply.Also, the liquescent of glaciers into the arctic amniotic fluid is cause less fish to occupy the now fresh waters, causing polar bear and seal numbers to dwindle as on that point food source disappears. Such an impact to the Inuit food supply and main source of income would mean that communities would have to import food instead of track down it, which would be incredibly expensive (up to USD$ 1 million per year) due to their tall protein requirements to help them cope with the harsh environment. Another en vironmental impact is the prejudicious feedback mechanism that artic ice withdrawal creates.Arctic ice has a postgraduate albedo, meaning it reflects a lot of solar radiation back into space. However, the sea and rock have a low albedo, meaning these areas are warmer. As a result of the ice melting, the general albedo of the arctic is lowering, which in turn causes an increase in average temperature, and therefore increases ice melting even more, and so on. This negative feedback mechanism result also barely greenhouse gas emissions by the thawing of permafrost. Beneath the permafrost found on arctic tundra, are thousands of gallons of methane, trapped there for thousands of years.As this permafrost begins to melt, the methane will be released, increasing the temperature and creating a similar feedback mechanism to the albedo effect give tongue to above. Further so, the warming of the arctic means that the tree commercial enterprise (the line at which most forests such as coni ferous forests, stop growing) will recede. This withdrawal of the tree line means that habitats for creatures normally found in the northern parts of Russia and Greenland (or other arctic regions) will begin to stop further into the arctic, putting pressure on animals currently living in the arctic circle, for example the arctic fox.The melting of the arctic regions has also reveal opportunity for oil companies such as BP and shell to start drill for oil in regions they couldnt previously drill in (for example the arctic pass). This increase in oil production can completely further the greenhouse gas emissions, and spoil natural beauty of the area, and destroy habitats due to incidents such as oil spills (should they occur). Drilling is not the solely risk that is imposed, as Russia have also allowed for nuclear waste giving medication in there arctic territory, poisoning habitats and killing wildlife.

Case Study Importance of Accounting Standards Essay

The importance of accounting standardsA PricewaterhouseCoopersCase Study understructurePricewaterhouseCoopers was created in July 1998 by the merger of twain libertines Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand each with diachronic roots going back some 150 years and o countersinkinating in London. PricewaterhouseCoopers, the worlds largest professional function organization, answers its customers build prize, manage guess and improve their performance. Drawing on the talents of much than 140,000 people in 152 countries, it provides a full range of disdain advisory operate to leading orbicular, subject case and local companies and to public institutions. These services include audit, accounting and tax advice management, data technology and human resource consulting mo finalary advisory services including mergers & acquisitions, moving in recoery, project finance and litigation support condescension process outsourcing services and legal services through a global ne twork of interact law firms. Five things you didnt know about PricewaterhouseCoopers1. To meet their harvest-time targets they need to hire 1,000 people a week across the world. 2. They leave be the largest professional services firm in critic eithery chief(prenominal) emerging markets Russia and the Former Soviet Union, India, China, Singapore, Malaysia and Latin America. 3. The high technology devote pass on yield r til nowues in excess of $1 billion with over 2,500 technology clients. 4. Work with Financial work clients will represent more than 20% of PricewaterhouseCoopers supranational revenues. 5. They be already investing $200 million a year in smart technology. A global enterpriseThe new, combined organization is the result of the continuing growth in the international economy. Companies are seeking to re-define themselves to thrive in the market-place where mergers and acquisitions are increasingly all important(p) and m whatsoever companies now operate with out geographical boundaries. A large-scale global enterprise such as PricewaterhouseCoopers needs a solid groundwork to meet its clients expectations. One element is a powerfuldatabase developed by PricewaterhouseCoopers that shares best approach pattern information with all its offices around the world. PricewaterhouseCoopers is as well as harnessing all available technology to check out any of their advisers can work with their clients anywhere in the world, allowing them to be amply effective in serving the clients needs immediately. They offer occupancyes around the world both a wider range of services and a more integrated service than has ever been possible. This service also provides a solution to business problems of a scale and complexity that are greater than ever before. An integrated team approachThey provide a fully integrated team to tackle a ac gilds diverse problems. At PricewaterhouseCoopers, there are six service lines or departments which cover contrasti ng areas of specialization. They are authority & Business consultative runManagement Consulting ServicesTax & Legal ServicesFinancial Advisory Services worldwide Human Resource SolutionsBusiness Process Outsourcing.PricewaterhouseCoopers whitethorn work on one of these areas and find that the client acquires help and solutions to issues in other areas. They are able to provide an integrated team of experts to own advice and offer a range of possible solutions. The first and largest of these service lines, the presumption & Business Advisory Service is now considered in more depth. ABAS Assurance & Business Advisory ServicesAt PricewaterhouseCoopers the global practice they chew the fat ABAS provides a broad range of services which fulfill three warmheartedness business needs 1. Assurance They conduct audits and provide assurance to clients on the financial performance and operations of their businesses. 2. global Risk Management Solutions They help clients to manage the ir business risks and thereby improve financial performance. 3. Transaction Services They offer advice to clients about their significant transactions such as mergers & acquisitions activity. nearly of the most exciting organizations from theworld of banking, commerce and government come to them for advice. The client list is dominated by household names, with particular strengths in communications, financial services, retail, energy and manufacturing sectors. AssuranceAssurance is the largest part of the UK practice for PricewaterhouseCoopers and generates income from a combine of audit and business advisory assignments. In addition to an audit, many clients require business advisory services. For vitrine, they may provide advice on joint ventures or mergers, helping companies to float their company on the Stock Exchange or assess whether the technology or systems in place provide an faultless means of overcompensateing the financial data. AuditingIn severalize that sharehol ders and other interest parties can curb informed judgments as to the financial health of a company, it is a legal requirement that all companies have their financial facts and figures checked. This is know as an audit and moldiness be performed by an independent registered firm of auditors. The auditors use guidance from the report Standards Board to state of matter whether in their smell the financial information presented by the company is a true and mediocre representation of that companys financial health. The primary describe righteousness of the auditors is, however, to the shareholders, not to the companys directors. It is interesting to note the difference among true and comely and 100% accurate. It is not the role of the auditors to check every individual transaction performed by a company and therefore the auditors cannot state that the figures are 100% correct, merely that, in their opinion, they are true and somewhat. Legislation and regulation of companiesTh e accounts of a company are designed to draw both the performance and its current financial position. All company accounts in this country need to be shitd in accordance with 1. The Companies Act, 1985 for UK, for Pakistan Companies ordinance 1984 and 2. be StandardsStatement of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAPs)Financial Reporting Standards (federal officials).In essence these standards lop outWhat information should be included in a companys accounts How this information should be presented.The Companies Act / Ordinance, decrees that companies must(prenominal) produce accounts for publication. The Accounting Standards Committee devised SSAPs. In 1991 the Committee was replaced by the Accounting Standards Board, which develops FRSs. The Board is gradually replacing SSAPs with FRSs, which are issued when the Board identifies a need. These two sets of standards encourage greater clarity so that the reader can fully understand the information represented. Accounting standardsFR Ss are expected as business becomes more complex. How these different standards are applied varies with the type of business conducted by a company. As for any company the shareholders interests must be protected. The future(a) examples of SSAPs and FRSs demonstrate the consideration that must be given in muster up financial accounts in order that interested individuals, such as financial analysts, can clearly judge a companys performance and position. Key standards will be considered in this and the following section. SSAP 12 Accounting for depreciationCompanies invest in additions (such as machinery) in order to produce goods or services to sell. These are cognise as dictated assets. In the courtship of the gas or fossil oil industry, an oil rig is a amend asset the company must own an oil rig to supply oil or gas. All companies have some form of fixed assets although the dependence on these assets varies with the type of business. Another example could be machinery for manufacturing a car, or a building in which employees work. In this example, Global Oil has built an oil rig for 50m. In its difference plane, cash will be cut by 50m and fixed assets will increase by 50m. In 20 years time (the sparing life), the company knows that the oil rig will need to be replaced. By the 20th year, the nourish of the oil rig in the companys balance sheet will be zero. Thus, the value of the oil rig will reduce each year by a set amount (2.5m in this example). This is known as depreciation and the yearly depreciation figure is shown in the service and loss account. SSAP 12 states that the scotch life of afixed asset should be reviewed regularly and should be stated in the notes to the accounts, together with how the rate of depreciation was determined. FRS 11 Impairment of fixed assets and goodwillFRS 11 is a new standard and deals with any loss in value to a fixed asset, for example through damage or downturn in the economy. This is known as impairment. F or example, if a pipeline from Global Oils oil rig is damaged, the supply of oil or gas is reduced or stopped until repairs are make. Thus the ability of the oil rig to produce oil or gas is less than expected and the fixed assets value is reduced. Global Oil must therefore make a general diminution in the value of the asset and push the loss to the profit and loss account. FRS 11 states that all companies must reassess the value of their fixed assets on a regular priming to establish whether the figure in the balance sheet is a fair value. FRS 1 Cash unravel statementsThere are three main statements in a companys annual report and accounts the profit and loss account, the balance sheet and the cash flow statement. For example, while Global Oil may be super profitable, without any cash it will be unable to pay its employees or suppliers. Clearly, when Global Oil sells oil to its customers, it needs to ensure it receives prompt payment. Cash is the lifeblood of a business and it is therefore important for a company to issue a cash flow statement. FRS 1 sets out the format and circumscribe of a companys cash flow statement. Accounting standards go onFRS 3 Reporting financial performanceThis is a highly complicated standard. Essentially FRS 3 serves to make sure the information presented in a set of accounts is clear. Companies must issue a report stating the financial performance for review by its shareholders. Consistency and ease of concord these reports allows the reader to compare the data for similar companies. This would allow a possible investor to compare competing oil or gas companies before deciding which companys shares to buy. In this example of Global Oil, there are three subsidiaries International Gas, International Oil and International Petrochemicals. Each of these different companies or subsidiaries must also produce their own set of accounts as should the foster company, Global Oil.FRS 3 states how a company must set out the financ ial reports and accounts, the type of information that should be provided and where it should be categorise in the company statement of accounts. FRS 3 Exceptional degreesFRS 3 consists of several other sections including a note on particular(a) items. These are one-off situations and may result in either a profit or loss to the company. These are included in a enlighten section in the profit and loss account. The reasons for incurring an special item are various. Examples include the general costs conglomerate in ripping up or de-merging a utility company, such as telecommunications or gas, into their separate components. In this case study, Global Oil decided to impress its head office to Edinburgh. As this move is not expected to clear regularly in the normal course of business, the cost is regarded as an exceptional cost. Although this cost is included in the profit and loss account, it is clearly mark as exceptional so that shareholders realize that a marginal reductio n in profit is not a result of a reduction in revenues. FRS 3 also states that exceptional charges must be shown separately in the profit and loss account and detailed in the notes to financial statements. SSAP 25 Segmental reportingSegmental information gives a breakdown of the different industrial sectors in which a company is involved and allows the reader of the accounts a much better sagacity of where the money is made within the different parts of the company. This information may also be provided on a geographical basis if this is relevant. This standard is mostly relevant to the biggest public limited companies or if the company has a banking or amends division. So for Global Oil, the financial information should detail the amount of business generated in oil refining, gas and petrochemicals. It should also provide information on the different geographic areas in which it operates. SSAP 25 states that the annual report and accounts for a company needs to provide a geograp hical and industrial breakdown of the following information TurnoverOperating profit and loss pelf assets.SSAP 9 Stocks and long-term contractsStock is an asset on the balance sheet and is essentially the product that a company will sell. In the case of Global Oil, its stock is oil and gas. SSAP 9 deals with how to value this stock on the balance sheet. Typically the value on the balance sheet would be the cost to produce and refine the oil into a marketable state. However, if the bell of oil drops to a value below these production costs, then Global Oil cannot sell the oil at a profit. In these circumstances, the value of the oil stocks on the balance sheet must be reduced to the sale price minus all transaction costs. This is known as the net realizable value. SSAP 9 states that a company must value its stock at whichever is the lower value the cost to produce versus the net realizable value. ConclusionThe example of Global Oil demonstrates the financial reporting standards that must be considered when preparing a companys accounts. More standards are expected as the complexities of business transactions grow and accounting practice adapts to keep up with these changes. Such changes already observed in business are the use of derivatives and financial instruments. At PricewaterhouseCoopers, the ABAS teams are experts in their field of knowledge and exercise their judgment in interpreting how these standards apply to different companies. The implementation of the standards can vary according to the type of industry and even between companies in the same industrial sector. In order to ensure the best possible interpretation, the ABAS teams need to have a good understanding of the clients business and industry sector.

Anglo Saxon Culture in Beowulf

The Anglo Saxon civilisation has existed for many years and has been revealed in literature such as Beowulf and cultures today. Beowulf remains to be the perfect example of an Anglo Saxon hero. His understanding of respect for elders and family power structure played a vital role in society. These beliefs not entirely serve as the foundation for literary heroes but for my family too. An interesting prognosis that was revealed in Beowulf was respect for elders.Throughout the poem, Beowulf showed respect to Hrothgar and to his king, Higlac by putting his demeanor on the line fighting for a cause bigger than himself. As a result, he received many treasures for his heroic deeds and gave them to Higlac as a sign of respect. In my family, respecting your elders is something we each must do. For instance, whenever a family appendage enters the house, that person must greet the everyone there. If they dont, then theyre confronted outright about it and reminded to not let that happen a gain.Its unacceptable to equitable walk without greeting everyone. Another fascinating aspect that was portrayed in Beowulf was the hierarchy of the families. The king had endorsement over his family and his country. He made all of the decisions and no one dared to go against him. However, when the king died, the next oldest son in line took his place. In my family, my uncle has always been the man of the house. He was the shielder and provider for the family making sure everybody was content and safe.When my uncle passed away, his oldest son (cousin) took his place. However, this rule of authority no longer exists in my immediate family. Both of my parents provide and helping responsibility equally which eases the burden. Its evident that Anglo Saxon culture steady serves as the foundation for my family culture and learning about it through Beowulf has caused me to net how important it is. Its incredible how far Anglo Saxon culture has survived and its model on culture. domi nant role in society. They were seen as the centra

Case Study: What Is Up with Wall Street?

NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner Demetrice S. Campbell MGT7019-8 Douglas hitch Ethics in Business 3 Paper- Case study What is Up With protect thoroughf ar? The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray Academic unity All ca-ca submitted in each course must be the Learners own. This allows all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor.The known submission of a nonher persons trim represented as that of the Learners without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfying grade for the work submitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. - - - Faculty Use Only - - - ltFaculty Name Running headland What Is Up with Wall Street? The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray What is up with Wall Street? The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray Demetrice S. Campbell Ethics in Business November 11, 2012 Abstract Case Study of Goldman Sachs What i s up with Wall Street? The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray was a case study cerebrate on the high society Goldman Sachs and the unfolding of a horrible decision that touch the economic structure of our banking system, stock appoints, and the government.Their strategies to make a more victorious work, ended with them macrocosm greedy for more m superstary and success. These strategies lead to questions of their ethical standards in their commercial enterprise practices. The accompany was founded by Marcus Goldman and Samuel Sachs in 1869 (Jennings, 2012). The company was supposititious to provide loans to small businesses, solely instead Goldman motiveed to do investments. cupidity ca apply the company to turn a blind eye to what was really passage on and this resulted in several downfalls for the company and others involved.The 1929 market crash was virtuoso result of the companys practices. Rather than doing what was right, Goldman and Sachs just carried on rac etrack into many walls. The problem to be investigated is the ethical standards of the company in congener to their investors and the price they pay. Introduction The problem to be investigated here is the ethical standards of the company in relation to their investors and the price they pay. In the corporate world, business moral philosophy are truly important and hind end be costly. Sometimes morality stool be over looked to motivate people.Ethics should be important elements of our twenty-four hour period to day functions. It is important to realize the importance of business ethics if you want your business to grow. This could rush a positive or negative usurpation on the productivity of the company. Business ethics are made up of a lot of subjective topics. Some people think that business ethics are comparative. There are many things that businesses take part in that can be seen as gray area. Gray areas are situations in which the rules are not clear, or you are not positive(predicate) what is right or wrong.Key items include lying and false representation. Goldman may have committed both these doingss just to have greed and a victorious company. Things that Goldman did that would be in the gray area include a. Sophisticated Investorby exposition, it is to escape full disclosure to its customers. Goldman made offerings to sophisticated investors, but failed to promise the whole story and their position in the investment or the market. Since then, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act has better clarified the definition to hold open firms from withholding information b.Analysts and two opinionsHe failed to follow the rules on the harmony between the analysts internal conversations and their communications and the external recommendations of the SEC rules require because it was for a particular group as strategists. The rules did not apply if their name did not have the word analyst in it. c. Auction rate securitiesit took narrate law to tally up with a settlement of these problems. The SEC had difficulties applying regulations and laws to this behavior of bidding up the price and then not buying.The clients were not alive(predicate) that Goldman was bidding on the securities. Goldmans response as well as some others was that there was always investment houses bidding in much(prenominal) auctions. d. IPO allocation and structure of the marketthis also was eventually settled, but not without the insistent small fines and mod rules on IPO allocations and stand forments between the clients on second-wave agreements to buy more. e. IPO profitability changes prior to IPOGoldman failed to share that the steady drift from three yrs of profit to one year then down to one quarter.This was sort of a unique effectual problem in regards to the profitability standard to one quarter because the financials were usable on the dot-coms for the investors to see. Nothing was world disclosed. f. Partnership to corporation str uctureWhen Goldman refractory to change from partnership to a corporation, this shielded them from beingness liable, where as being the principals, you put it all on the line. The move to a corporation with contain liability resulted in riskier practices taken by the firm.Goldman was guilty creating a company and buying 90 percent of the shares with its own bullion. This practice made the in the public eye(predicate) want in on the deal not knowing they were being misled. This allowed him to sell the shares he bought for more money while he buys more shares on the secondary market and causes the share prices to increase. He then false around and used his money to create another corporation. (Jennings, 2012) Goldman was also in use(p) in laddering, which is an agreement between Goldman and its scoop clients for the distribution of a assign of the IPO at a reestablished price.However, under a laddering arrangement, those clients also had to agree to purchase a certain number of shares later during the IPO rollout at a price of $10 to $15 higher. (Jennings, 2012) Goldman also participated in auction-rate markets. He gave loans to executive members in exchange for shares. Many of the issues included the nondisclosure of facts that an investor would have deemed actually important in making their investment decisions. Goldman and Sachs were guilty of false impression, scarce because the investors were not aware of their position in the market.There is also the point of moral vulnerability and how allowing AIG to be bailed out provided a cover for Mr. Goldman and his sneaky business practices. Then there is the too large-mouthed to fail issue, this is important because the investors were the one who anomic money, not Goldman. He was protected. The front page of the newspaper testify was a winner in this case because the headlines did not prove to be flattering for Goldman. The Senators questions reflected the struggle of the people who were trying to c onsider how and what Mr.Goldman had make complied to the law, but still come across as a deceptive practice. The law is only one part of the ethical analysis. Goldman failed to think done the consequences of additional regulations, the fines that would be involved, and the clients because of the perception that he could not be swear and may not always be acting in the best interest of the client. There areas stirred by the Goldman model and gray areas include investors, the market, the U. S. conomy and the global economy, AIG, AIG investors, employees of AIG and other companies and investment banks that had to be dissolved or acquired or reduced in size, employees of dot-coms, beneficiaries of donations by companies and investment bankers, nonprofits also were affected because they had their endowment fund funds invested, real estate markets because of the impact in value, all those affected by a slump in the real estate market including real estate agents and brokers, contrac tors, furniture and window covering companies, decorators, landscapers. A small of everything was affected by these strategies and gray areas.Some of the people that were effect by Goldmans decisions were his clients as well as some of the top employees, such as Lloyd Blankfein. (Jennings, 2012) Investors thought they were going to receive money on their purchase. No employee or officer should take unfair advantage of anyone through manipulation, concealment, abuse of countenance information, misrepresentation of material facts, or any other il jural merchandise practice. (Jennings, 2012) The main factors that contributed to the way that the employees, executives, traders, and advisers made their decisions were money and political power.The idea of being Filthy rich by 40, and the enticement is what produced so many millionaires so early in their lives. Many companies are cutting back on their financial-incentive programs, but there are many things that can be used to motivate em ployees. Goldman worked toes to the line culture, always looking to find the next big loophole available. The culture was also, If it is legal, then it is ethical which is not always the case. (Jennings, 2012) Goldmans behaviors are a typical image of Carrs theories. (Jennings, 2012) Could it be bluffing of Goldman to not part their positions or were they just tricking innocent people?Not everybody is aware and sexual of the rules of the Wall Street. The larger investment bankers clearly were aware because of their own stake in IPOs to auction securities to their structuring of the CDOs. However, these investments made their way to the retail level where the noesis base was nonexistent. Goldman and others believed them to be sophisticated investors by definition and it was unnecessary to share. However, that definition has now changed and more disclosure is required because they obviously did not understand the double positions.This is saying that the culture that existed at Gol dman before will delay the same. The drive to be successful and the fact that Goldman does not feel that its client base will be affected is why things will go on as business as usual. In other words, Goldman emerges with a fine but little remorse and a plan to go forward with the status quo. It does not seem as if any lessons were learned. analyse & Contrast Senator Collins has made clear that there was no legal fiduciary duty, but she questioned whether Goldman needed to act in its clients best interests as an issue of good business practice.The discussion states, Goldman struggled with that answer and could only come to the conclusion that it was an interesting idea. Goldman had a mentality that only the strong can survive in the markets. However, he did not take into account that with new regulations and the changes in the market he could no longer engage in those legally gray areas and would be obligated to compete on a different foundation other than his normal loopholes Co nclusion Business ethics are very important to have but sometimes they can conflict with personal ethics.Owning a business can be a risky task. You have to make the decision of what is more important to you, is it the money that drives you or the will to do what is right and ethical. Goldman was not producing but he trick the investors into giving money without every showing anything. This is a very common thing that most investors never realize until they have lost millions of dollars. References Jennings, M. (2012). Business ethics Case studies and selected readings. (7thEd. ). Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning.

Every Day Science for Css

PMS/CSS commonplace information Compiled by Engr. Syed Muhammad Umer www. css. theazkp. com emailprotected theazkp. com Ph +923336042057 Its just an effort to merge both relevant data of allday perception in a single document, which ordain be employ in the preparation of Competitive Examinations like PMS/CSS and other such exams. The primarily source of these information is mainly from internet. PMS/CSS Notes Contents field 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.Nature of Science Contribution of Islamics Scientists Impact of Science on Society populace wandflower Solar carcass solarise state Atmosphere die hard Cloud Rain Acid Rain Minerals Rock (Mineral) Mineral touch on Lava Solar and Lunar Eclipses Day and Night and their variation animation Sources and Resources of Energy Energy conservation Ceramics Plastics Semiconductors Radio Television Telephones Page No. 3 3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 9 12 13 14 17 17 19 20 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 30 30 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. topic Page No.Camera 31 Lasers 31 Microscopes 34 Computers 36 Satellites 42 Antibiotics 42 Vaccines 45 Fertilizers 46 Pesticides 47 Microwave ovens 47 Immunization 48 Fingerprinting 49 Infra Red Radiation 50 babys room Effect 50 Anti progeny 53 Magma 54 Brain 55 tenderness 60 Tissues 68 Epithelial Cell 68 Origin of new-make Humans 68 Pest Control 72 Protein 73 verteb tell 74 Invertebrate 76 Liver 79 Enzymes 80 Organisms (Common to all living things) 82 2 1. NATURE OF SCIENCE Definition Science lavatory be defined as study mainly concerned with the phenomenon of physical reality any or all of natural eruditions or biological sciences. Or Science as the the field of study which attempts to signalize and understand the nature of the globe in whole or part. Science is the faculty to reason prohibited the how and why of the things as they occur in the phenomenal world or the determinationive world Basically science is the study of laws of nature and man has highly-developed science by observing. Infact this shell has completely transformed our power over nature and the world outlook. ripening of the contemporary technology is directly the outcome of the development of sophisticated science.Without the scientific revolution the industrial revolution would not dedicate been possible. It has raised the military personnel being activity level by earthshaking observations in the versatile handle of human existence. Whether its the exploration of human wellness, industrial progress, agrarian developments and forward-lookingistic chat technologies, the benefits gained from this major topic be enormous. Infact it would not be rail at to say that we atomic number 18 living in the age of science and is a dominant factor in our day to day existence. 2. CONTRIBUTIONS OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTSMUHAMMAD bin MU SA AL KHWARZIMI Made lasting contributions in the fields of Mathematics, astronomy, Music, geography and History. He composed the previous(a)est work on Arithmetic and on Algebra. The oldest Mathematic record composed by him is Kitab ul jama wat tafriq He is the number one person who customd zero(a) and wroteHisab ul jabr Wal Muqabla which is conceived to be an superior work on the subject which included uninflected solutions of linear and quadratic equations. In the field of Astronomy he compiled his k immediatelyledge tables which formed the basis of later astronomical pursuits in both eastern hemisphere and West.He likewise contributed in the field of geographical science by constitution a noteworthy carry KItab ul Surat al ard. In Arabic. His book ? kitab al Tarik is in addition a memorable work regarding history. AL BERUNI Born in Afghanistan Beruni make original primordial contributions to science. He is conceived to be the most braggart(a) scientists of the Islamic world who wrote roughly 150 books on various significant subjects concerning human existence. These subjects include Mathematics, History, Archeology, Biology, Geology, Che m is try, Religion etc.He discussed the behavior of earth, moon, and planets in his book Qanoon Almasudi which is also considered as an outstanding astronomical encyclopedia. He also notice seven different tracks of finding the directions of north and south and find mathematical techniques to determine exactly the beginning of the seasons. another(prenominal) notable denudation he make was that the expedite of blowzy is faster than sound . His extensive range of scientific knowledge is also revealed finished his books kitab al saidana and kitab al jawahar partakeing with medicine and the qualitys of gems their gravity respectively.He was a rich writer whose works showed his versatility as a scientist. AL RAZI The famous philosopher and a notable surgeon of the Muslim world, Zakriya Al Razi w as born in Ray near modern Theran Iran. His eagerness for knowledge lead him to the study of Alchemy and Chemistry, philosophy, logic, Mathematics and Physics. He was a pioneer in many areas of medicine and treatment of health sciences in general, and in particular he worked alot in the fields of paeditrics, obsterics and ophthalmology.Al razi was the first person to introduce the use of Alcohol for medical purposes and opium for the objective of grownup anesthesia to his patients. In the field of ophthalmology too Al razi gave an account of the operation for the extraction of the cataract and also the first scientist to discover the effect of the intensity of softly on the eye. The modern studies confirm his understanding on the subject thus making him a broad physician of all the times. ABU ALI IBN E SINA endow with great powers of absorbing and retaining knowledge this Muslim scholar also do valuable contributions to he field of science. He is considered to be the founder s of Medicine and also added his great efforts to the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy, Medicinial Chemistry, Philosophy, Palae ontology and Music. His most famous book is Al Qannun which brings out the features of human physiology and medicine. Sina is also considered as a father of the science of Geology on account of his invaluable book on mountains in which he discussed matters relating to earths novelty and gave scientific reasons for earthquakes.He is the author of 238 books which are fine instances of his thoughts regarding various subjects in diverse ways. JABIR BIN HAYAN Introduced experimental research in chemical science which vastly added its rapid development and made him the Father of Chemistry. He devised methods for preparation of important chemicals like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and white lead. 3 Jabirs work also deal with the refinement of metals ,preparation of steel, dyeing of cloth and leather, use of magnese dioxide in glass making, di in timeate of v inegar to concentrate acetic acid.Jabir also explained scientifically two dominion functions of chemistry, i. e. , calcination, and reduction and registered a marked improvement in the methods of evaporation, sublimation, distillation and watch crystal He wrote some(prenominal) than 100 books which are one of the most outstanding contributions in the field of science especially the chemical science. ABDUL HASSAN IBN AL HAITHAM 1 of the most outstanding Mathematicians, Physiologists, and Opticians of Islam. He contributed to the realms of medicine and philosophy. He wrote more than cc scientific works on diverse subjects.Haitham examined the refraction of light rays with transparent objects including air and water. Infact he was the first scientist to elaborate two laws of rumination of light He made a number of monumental discoveries in the field of optics ,including one which locates retina as the seat of vision. His book on optics Kitab Al Manazir vividly shows his grip on the subject. He constructed a pinhole camera and analyse formation of images . Due to his noteworthy contributions he is regarded as one of the prolific Muslim scientists of all times.OMAR AL KHAYAM He was an outstanding Mathematician and Astronomer. He was also know as a poet, philosopher and a physician. He expeditionled to the great spirits of learning of the era i. e. Samrakund, Bukhara, and Ispahan. He classified many algebraic equations ramp up on their complexity and recognized thirteen different forms of cubic equation. He also classified algebraic theories of parallel lines. On the invitation of Sultan Jalal-ud- Din, he introduced the Jilali calendar which has an error of one day in 3770 years.He also developed accurate methods for determination of gravity as a poet too, he is known for his Rubaiyat. He made great contributions in the development of mathematics and analytical geometry which benefitted Europe several years later. NASIR UD DIN TUSI Al tusi was one of the great scientists, Mathematicians, Astronomers, Philosophers, Theologians and physicians of his time. He was a prolific writer and wrote many treatises on alter subjects like Algebra, Arithmetic, Trignometry, Geometery, Logic, Met aphy sics, medicine, ethics and Theology.He served as a minister of Halaku Khan and persuaded him to establish an outlook and library after the destruction of Baghdad. He worked at the observatory and prepared precise tables regarding the motion of the planets. These are also known as Tables of Khan ZIA UD DIN IBN BAITAR Was a famous botanist and pharmacopeias of middle ages. Because of his intensive travels, he was able to discover many plant species. He wrote many books regarding his field of specialty and is always considered as a prominent scientist among his Muslim counterparts 3.IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY Science is the organization of knowledge in such a way that it commands the unfathomable potential in nature. This hidden potential is surface d out by the subject of science through the transition of understanding. Science has prove to be of enormous beneficial nature . It has made lasting impact on regarding each and every field of human existence. Whether it is concerned with our day to day lives or whether it is related with the various modern developments which assimilate resulted in elevating the living standards of the individuals.The significant contributions which the study of this subject has made are enumerated below. SCIENCE AND HUMAN ATTITUDE The various noteworthy scientific advances pee-pee helped the individuals in raising up of their self confidence . This subject has enabled the human beings to control and modify their needs and requriements. With greater understanding of the scientific phenomena human beings have now become more confident nearly the environmental issues as compared to the people in the past. Infact science has promoted and paved the way for the independent and logical thinking.SCIE NCE AND HUMAN HEALTH Before the development of modern medicinal factors, a large number of people used to hurt their precious lives because of the unavailability of the sources and medicines for a proper health care. With the advancements of science now the human life expectancy rate has increased as the various modern developments in the field of health care has helped in warding get rid of the dangerous diseases The revolutions in surgery and medicine the infectious diseases like runty pox, malaria, typhoid etc. have been eradicated. Thus science has improved the health standards of the people. SCIENCE AND TRAVEL People used to travel on foot before the inventions of automobiles,aeroplanes and steam engines. They also used animal carts and camels for the purpose of go from one place to another. However, the modern scientific inventions have proved to be of great significance as it has added speed to the area of travel. The quick delegacy of transportation have decreased the distances and are a source of deliverance time. In fact it would not be wrong to regard that these inventions have added more than peace to the lives of the modern men.SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION Science has also play a significant part in the development of the modern communication technology. Earlier people were living in isolation because of the slow fashion of communication. Now the well developed, efficient media have made it possible to eliminate with each other more rapidly and quickly. The impact of draw media is enormous. The use of computers and televisions has made the world a global village where an event in one part of the world leaves an influence on the other.DEMERITS OF SCIENCE Every invention of science has got its own merits and demerits. The most serious invention that science has contributed to is the development of the weapons of crowd destruction like the atom and nuclear bombs. The novel wars have greatly showed that how much destruction can be brought v irtually with the use of these lethal weapons. In fact these modern inventions of science have resulted in the elevation of the anxiety and unrest in the modern societies. Another notable demerit which the study of this subject has lead to the rise in the environmental deterioration.Day by day the pollution factor is increasing which has proved to be very toxic and harmful for the human health. Not except the human health it is also proving fatal for the animals as well as the existing plants. The rapid developments of science and industrialization have also separate the world. The developed and the undeveloped. This division has lead to a widening gap among the status and the living standards of people. There is economic disparity which has also habituated rise to class distinction 4. UNIVERSEThe BIG BANG THEORY almost the universe is the most widely acceptable theories with regard to the origin of the universe. check to the big blow, the universe was created sometime betwee n 10 gazillion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions. All the galaxies were formed from this matter. Observations of these galaxies show that they are still moving apart from each other . The universe is expanding Some scientists have suggested another possible action as veritable(a) theory to explain the unconscious process of the evolution of the universe.However the general notion on which all scientists agree is the theory of Big Bang. Steady theory is the theory about the universe and the observations by the astronomers have shown that the galaxies are moving away from each other and the universe seems to be expanding. The theory shows that the new matter is always being created to require the space left by this expansion. The new matter moves apart and forms galaxies which tolerate to move apart. This means that the universe always look exactly the analogous. It has no beginning or end but in a steady state.However ma ny observations have suggested that the universe has not always looked like the same. THE succeeding(a) OF UNIVERSE At present the universe is expanding but the astronomers have questioned that whether or not this expansion will continue . Certain observations which have been made in this regard is that one possible ending of the universe will be the big crunch?. The galaxies and other matter may be moving apart but their motion is restrained by their common gravitational attraction. If there is a sufficient matter in the universe gravity will eventually win and egin pulling the galaxies together over again causing the universe to experience a reverse of the big bang i. e. , the BIG CRUNCH. However there is a possibility that there is not enough matter in the universe for the big crunch to happen. This means that if it happens then the universe will continue to expand forever. 5. GALAXY Galaxy is a huge number of stars grouped together. The term galax can also be described as a c ollection of dust, shoot a line and stars measuring thousands of parsecs across. Galzxy chase aways 10000million stars and looks like a disc with a fat substance and spiral munition.From the front it looks like a convex lenss Classes of galaxy Two broad classes of galaxy are there. 1. Elliptical 2. spin around the spiral galaxies are further sub divided into normal which constitutes of bulk of spirals and forbid spirals. Barred spirals have their centre in the form of the bar. The elliptic galaxies range from E 0 to E 7 from an almost world-wide build to a flattened disc. 5 whitish room Our galaxy is a spiral galaxy about 30,000 parsecs across. There are more than 200 billion stars in the galaxy.Its disc appears as a debile white band that is responsible for dividing the white sky at the iniquity into two. The name of our galaxy is Milky delegacy. The galaxy has one-third spiral arms called the Orion, Perseus, and Sagittarius arms and the whole form is rotating in s pace. The sun revolves around the nucleus of the galaxy once in 225 million years. This duration is also called the cosmic year. I -INTRODUCTION Milky steering, the large, disk-shaped aggregation of stars, or galaxy, that includes the sun and its solar system. In addition to the Sun, the Milky Way contains about 400 billion other stars.There are hundreds of billions of other galaxies in the universe, some of which are much larger and contain many more stars than the Milky Way. The Milky Way is unmistakable at night, appearing as a faintly bright band that stretches across the sky. The name Milky Way is derived from Greek mythology, in which the band of light was said to be milk from the breast of the goddess Hera. Its muddled appearance results from the combined light of stars too far away to be distinguished individually by the unaided eye. All of the individual stars that are distinct in the sky lie within the Milky Way Galaxy.From the middle northern latitudes, the Milky Wa y is best seen on clear, moonless, summertime nights, when it appears as a luminous, irregular band circling the sky from the northeastern to the south horizon. It extends through the constellations Peruses, Cassiopeia, and Cepheus. In the region of the Northern Cross it divides into two streams the westerly stream, which is bright as it passes through the Northern Cross, fades near Ophiuchus, or the ophidian Bearer, because of dense dust clouds, and appears again in Scorpio and the eastern stream, which grows brighter as it passes southward through Sputum and Sagittarius.The brightest part of the Milky Way extends from Sputum to Scorpio, through Sagittarius. The digest of the galaxy lies in the direction of Sagittarius and is about 25,000 light-years from the Sun (a light-year is the distance light travels in a year, about 9. 46 trillion km or 5. 88 trillion mi). II -STRUCTURE Galaxies have three common shapes elliptical, spiral, and irregular. Elliptical galaxies have an ovoi d or globular shape and generally contain older stars. Spiral galaxies are disk-shaped with arms that hoist around their edges, making these galaxies look like whirlpools.Spiral galaxies contain both old and young stars as well as numerous clouds of dust and flub from which new stars are born. Irregular galaxies have no regular structure. Astronomers trust that their structures were distorted by collisions with other galaxies. Astronomers classify the Milky Way as a large spiral or possibly a barred spiral galaxy, with several spiral arms coiling around a central bulge about 10,000 light-years thick. Stars in the central bulge are close together, while those in the arms are farther apart. The arms also contain clouds of interstellar dust and gas.The disk is about 100,000 light-years in diameter and is surrounded by a larger cloud of hydrogen gas. Surrounding this cloud in turn is a spherical skirt that contains many separate globular clusters of stars mainly lying above or belo w the disk. This halo may be more than twice as wide as the disk itself. In addition, studies of galactic movements suggest that the Milky Way system contains far more matter than is accounted for by the visible disk and attendant clustersup to 2,000 billion times more mass than the Sun contains.Astronomers have therefore speculated that the known Milky Way system is in turn surrounded by a much larger ring or halo of undetected matter known as dark matter. III -TYPES OF STARS The Milky Way contains both the so-called subject I stars, brilliant, unsanctified stars and type II stars, giant red stars. bluing stars tend to be younger because they burn furiously and use up all of their fuel within a few tens of millions of years. Red stars are usually older, and use their fuel at a slower rate that they can sustain for tens of billions of years.The central Milky Way and the halo are largely composed of the type II population. Most of this region is obscured screw dust clouds, which p revent visual observation. Astronomers have been able to detect light from this region at other wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, however, using wireless and infrared telescopes and satellites that detect X rays (see Radio Astronomy Infrared Astronomy X-Ray Astronomy). Such studies indicate compact objects near the galactic center, probably a immense shocking hole. A black hole is an object so dense that nothing, not even light, can escape its yearning gravity.The center of the galaxy is home to clouds of antimatter particles, which reveal themselves by emitting gamma rays when they undertake particles of matter and annihilate. Astronomers believe the antimatter particles provide more evidence for a massive black hole at the Milky Ways center. Observations of stars hotfoot around the center also suggest the presence of a black hole. The stars orbit at speeds up to 1. 8 million km/h (1. 1 million mph)17 times the speed at which Earth circles the Suneven though they are hundreds of times farther from the center than Earth is from the Sun.The greater an objects mass, the faster an object orbiting it at a given distance will move. Whatever lies at the center of the galaxy must have a tremendous amount of mass packed into a relatively small area in guild to cause these stars to orbit so quickly at such a distance. The most likely candidate is a black hole. Surrounding the central region is a fairly flat disk comprising stars of both type II and type I the brightest members of the latter category are luminous, blue supergiant.Imbedded in the disk, and emerging from opposite sides of the central region, are the spiral arms, which contain a majority of the type I population together with much interstellar dust and gas. One arm passes in the vicinity of the Sun and includes the great nebula in Orion. See Nebula. 6 IV -ROTATION The Milky Way rotates around an axis joining the galactic poles. Viewed from the north galactic pole, the rotation of the Mi lky Way is clockwise, and the spiral arms trail in the same direction. The period of rotation decreases with the distance from the center of the galactic system.In the neighborhood of the solar system the period of rotation is more than 200 million years. The speed of the solar system due to the galactic rotation is about 220 km/sec (about 140 mi/sec). 6. SOLAR SYSTEM The solar system includes nine planets and sun being at the centre. All the planets revolve around the sun . The solar system also includes the asteroids, meteors and numerous comets. All of these travel around the sun in a particular orbit . The planets which are the significant part of the solar system namely,Mercury,venus,earth,mars,Jupiter,Saturn

Islam, Terrorism and the Role of Media Essay

Terrorism Islam, the Most Widely Misunderstood Religion and the role of Media Increasing terrorism across the globe can be contri notwithstandinged to legion(predicate) factors such as extremism, poverty and literacy rate sightly to name a some however, widely misunderstood theologys build been the focus of the blame, disregarding the stem earns. It has been over a decade since Islam is creation openly criticized for promoting terrorism. Islam is the tho religion that has been constantly associated with terrorism however, it does not promote terrorism, still actually condemns it.The however possible way to eliminate terrorism is if media and super powers such as linked States, China and Russia stop taking advantage of global frequent and start playing a positive role in this totally blame game. Individuals from the westbound contemplate that Islam promotes terrorism, suck their own level of view. They cartel that western value argon in conflict with the Moslem values, resulting in a clash of eastern and western cultures. According to the western view point, Muslims have an aversion to the west for its successful secular state and therefore, declare their hatred in the form of terrorism. There is no doubt that the values of western people are in conflict with the values of Islam.Muslims do not square upm to like the idea of secularism however, this is not the main cogitate for terrorist activities carried unwrap by Muslims. First, we indigence to actualise how terrorism arises. What is the main cause of terrorism? As Woodberry J. Dudley (2002) points out, Terrorism is a response to built-up grievances, real or imagined. Therefore, single cannot drive out terrorism without dealing with the grievances that have light-emitting diode to it. The most obvious of these issues is the Israel-Palestine conflict.Another major point raised by Western media is the school of thought of jihad in Islam. They claim that the doctrine of Jihad in Is lam plays an important role in promoting terrorism. Raphael Israeli argues in The Islamic teaching of Jihad Advocates Violence and Jennifer Hurley quotes him, Jihad has principally one heart and soul a military action designed to expand the outer borders of the farming of Islam or to protect the borders of Dar al-Islam from encroaching un trustrs (Hurley, 2000). Although it would easily appear that Jihad advocates violence, and thereof results in terrorist activities from Muslims, this is untrue.One cannot come to the conclusion that Jihadpromotes terrorism just by looking at the actions of Muslims, but quite need to understand the concept of Jihad. First of all, Jihad does not mean Holy War. It government agency to strive for something. As Mohammed Abdul Malek points out in the following In verity jihad is a duty of Muslims to commit themselves to a struggle on all fronts moral, spiritual and political to create a just and properly society. It is not a holy state of war against the Muslims during the time of the Crusades (a war instigated by the Church for religious gain).There are other words in Arabic which are more appropriate to use in a war situation, if war was the principal purpose of Jihad. Examples of such words are harb (war) and maaraka (battle).The Holy Quran could have used these instead of Jihad, if the intention was the annunciation of war. (Hurley 2000). Hence, it is clear that it is the misinterpretation of Jihad that has led Muslims and Non-Muslims to believe that Jihad advocates terrorism. It is in markigible if the doctrine of Jihad is misinterpreted by Non-Muslims, because they may not have lavish knowledge or so the laws of Islam or they may not have an soul of the teachings of the Holy Quran, the holiest book for Muslims.Yet how come various Muslims misinterpret the doctrine of Jihad? As Pervez Amir Ali Hoodbhoy, a Pakistani nuclear physicist, notes that, Maulana Abdus Sattar Edhi, Pakistans preeminent social worker, and the Talibans Mohammad Omar are both followers of Islam, but the former is overdue for a Nobel Peace Prize duration the last mentioned is an ignorant, psychotic fiend. (Schafer, 2002). These two men represent the two ways of intellectual Islam. One understanding is what Islam says. The other is the way it can be explained so that it equates in with ones own beliefs.The difference between the two is very obvious. Many Muslims tend to believe or explain things that fit in their beliefs. Unfortunately, this approach of understanding Islam has led to the misinterpretation of not totally jihad, but the whole of Islam. On the other hand, right after the terrorist acts of 9/11, journalists were seen as organism biased. Apparently, they were just doing their jobs but the after effects of the mishap put them into a severe patriotic state. There is nothing disparage with being patriotic nigh your country and hating your enemies but while doing a job that halts you stand in front of t he millions, patriotism came out as a controversial factor.(Hess, Kalb, Brookings & Shorenstein, 2003). As John McWethy, the chief national aegiscorrespondent for ABC News, responded When you are on television, you are a image for your network. I would no more wave an American ag while I am trying to report in a nonbiased way close to conict overseas than I would a Canadian ag or a British ag if I were a citizen of those countries. Im a reporter. (Hess, Kalb, Brookings & Shoranstein, 2003).At the same time, a majority of macrocosm residing in the Middle due east and South Asia, condemn the western media for being biased against Islam. One has to agree to a certain level that American Republicans, who are known to be conservative, have control over few news channels and those channels only show one situation of the story.In these critical times, the medias role should be to help closure the conflicts and show its audience the real face of terrorism. As Red Batario writes, From where I stand, as a citizen and media consumer, the stories that come my way are bereft of one important thing context and empowering information. They do not allow me to make sense of what is happening around me. The stories tell me of problems, they do not tell me that something can be done.They tell me that everything is wrong but nothing about whats working. Other stories cite Muslim terrorists but I have yet to come across a news item identifying para-military groups who assassinate their victims as Christian terrorists. (Batario, 2012). Western media is as well as responsible for not appreciating the efforts make by Muslim community on daily basis. Those journalists and new anchors have totally ignored the anti-terrorism, anti 9/11 and anti understructure attitude shown by Muslim patriots of the west. How come they do not see how it is like to grow a beard or wear hijab and shame the terrorists the enemies of the west at the same time.As Kamran Pasha, an author and a Holly wood filmmaker writes, Thomas Friedman wrote an outrageous column in The New York quantify claiming that no major Muslim cleric or religious body has ever issued a fatwa condemning Osama Bin dilute. (Pasha, 2009). Fatwa means a profound pronouncement in Islam usually given by an Islamic assimilator to clarify a head word. (Wikipedia, 2013).The surprising part is that a fatwa had already been issued by some Spanish Scholars in March 2005 yet Friedman chose to lie and false his fellow Americans and an unknown number of souls all over the world. Pasha still elaborates, There is a real political agenda in spite of appearance the media itself to glide by Islam as the enemy, and to portray mainstream Muslims as a fifth column inside America. The idea thatyour Muslim neighbors are silently supporting Bin Laden sells newspapers.It captures the attention of viewers of the nightly news. And it furthers the ambitions of politicians who need a rallying point to get votes. (Pasha, 2009 ). It is true that most of the actions taken by the Muslims in the west go unnoticed. For example, Pakistan, a country located in South East Asia, has been fighting the war on terror for last 12 days and has lost the lives of thousands of soldiers and civilians but still media keeps portraying Pakistan as a terrorist country. My question is, what would make their voices get heard? What exactly do they have to do in order to justify that they equally condemn terrorism? I guess no one better than media can answer these questions.Media decidedly needs to play a more positive role instead of neglecting the real facts. The great minds in the media who create controversial stories should emphasize on coming up with creative ideas to illuminate the audience with truth. With the help of them and general public, many atrocities can be avoided by conveying the right essence to the public. As Cerge Remonde said and Batario writes, We (the broadcast media) generate a lot of oestrus but very little light. (Batario, 2012). In conclusion, Islam has widely been misinterpreted both in the western world and the Islamic world.To solve this problem, one cannot resort to war as a resolution or change the values of Islam, but instead there needs to be a change in western diplomacy to take into account the grievances held by many Muslims. The United States needs to change its foreign policies, especially concerning the Arab-Israeli conflict, which would help many Muslims believe that the United States really wants to solve the issue at hand. Not only does the responsibility lie in the hands of United States, but also the Muslim Umma (society), who as a whole need to step up and realize that what they believe in is wrong and they need to find out the truth. The authorities of Islam need to step up and take a stand.They need to educate the Muslim society and create more awareness about the true meaning of Jihad and other similar complicated concepts. If not, for sure this is only the beginning of terrorism in Islam. Not to mention, if media cooperates and stops being biased and one sided, issues bigger than terrorism could be overcome without squander billions of dollars and many innocent civilian lives.ReferencesBatario, Red. (2012, May 21). Medias Role in Conflict and Terrorism. Center for Community Journalism and Development. Retrieved from http//ccjdphils.wordpress.com/2012/05/31/medias-role-in-conflict-and-terrorism/ Fatwa. (2013, March 8). Wikipedia, . Retrieved family line 26, 2013 from http//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatwa&oldid=4211834. Hess, S., Kalb, M. L., Brookings, I., & Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, P. (2003). The Media and the War on Terrorism. Washington, D.C. Brookings knowledgeability Press. Hurley, J. A., & Hurley, J. (2000). Islam opposing viewpoints. Greenhaven Press. Israeli, Raphael. (2001).The Islamic Doctrine of Jihad Advocated Violence. Jennifer A. Hurley (Eds.). Islam Opposing Viewpoints. (20-115) San Dieg o Greenhaven Press. Malek, Mohammed A. The Islamic Doctrine of Jihad Does Not Advocate Violence. Jennifer A. Hurley (Eds.). Islam Opposing Viewpoints. (24-121). San Diego Greenhaven Press. Pasha, Kamran. (2009, April 20).The Big Lie about Muslim Silence on Terrorism. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http//www.huffingtonpost.com/kamran-pasha/the-big-lie-about-muslim_b_188991.html Schafer, D. (2002). Islam and Terrorism. Humanist, 62(3), 16. Woodberry, J. (2002). Terrorism, Islam and Mission Reflections of a Guest in Muslims Lands. International Bulletin of Missionary Research. (1), 2.

Health Care Communication Methods Essay

Every day in the wellness superintend subject, professional claim to choose the most effective talk regularity when communicating to other(a) professionals, patients, patient families, and the universal public. Different details put on very specific rules of communion that need to be utilized for communication to be effective. Furthermore, in the wellness cargon field the regulations of HIPAA have to be con cheekred to ensure that certain study is being protected as hearty as identity of good deal pertaining to the health scenarios.Further will be discussed the methods of communicating in the health c atomic number 18 field, the advantages and harms of utilize handed-down, electronic, and companionable media for health c ar communicating, and the effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the drop of media in the health care field of communicating. Communication coordinators of some(prenominal) health care field have to decide often which methods of communication he or she would have to utilize and the rules and regulations that govern those methods.In one scenario, a communication coordinator that whole kit and caboodle for a national medicate manufacturer has received report that there has been a report of significant negative side effects caused by one of the medications that is used by a large nation of people and one including a well-known public figure. News reports having been reporting that of the come-at-able individuals who have been taking this particular drug is effected by the side effects. The communication coordinator has to decide how to address the news reports and the world-wide public closely this situation.There are many diverse ways to communicate with the general public regarding the scenario described. As mentioned before the communication coordinator has to reach out to the general public regarding a medication that was distributed by a national drug manufacturer company that lead to significant side effects. Some of the varied methods of communication apply media are drivings, medical journals, news reports, blogs, and other friendly medias. For the specific scenarios described previously it would be best to use the ampaign method. A campaign would be used to increase awareness, create a wear out understanding, modify attitude, and modify behavior (Health Industry Communication, Ch. 5). This method whitethorn be used when reaching out to a significant sized community. The communication program will target whom, to help them understand, believe, or do what, by informing them of messages, through messengers and channels, to result in objectives (Cheesebro, T. , OConnor, L. , & Rios, F. , 2010, Ch. 5).The objective of utilizing the campaign method would reach out the larger existence through by chance multiple different media methods, instead of just one or two. When dateing development different types of media and which ones to include and exclude when communicating through me dia, it is important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of traditional, electronic, and social media. Traditional communication methods are the most common methods of communicating. This includes newspaper, journals, magazines, television, radio, and etc.teraWhile this might be considered one of the most effective methods compared to electronic and social media, there are disadvantages as well as advantages of traditional communication. One advantages of using traditional communication methods is this can reach a larger population which would then decrease the time it takes to reach the population by few other methods of communication. A nonher advantage of using traditional communication method is a larger part of the population uses this as resources to gain information for different point of interests.One disadvantage of using traditional communication methods is that it can be costly compared to some other communication methods. Traditional medias have a high effect in creating awareness and influencing the attitude of the audience (Tiwari, Singh, & Tiwari, 2003, p. 2). electronic communication method in addition can be an effective way to communicate to the general public. Electronic communication includes email, phone calls, text messaging, video calling, and etc.Although not either method of electronic communication would be considered effective for scenario previously described, some such as email would assist with retrieving audience attention. Just like any other communication method, electronic communication method as well as has its advantages and disadvantages. An advantage of electronic communication method is it creates direct communication methods to the think audiences which can begin to change audience attitude towards a circumstance before any other communication tactic takes into effect.One disadvantage of using electronic communication is there is a large segment of the population that does not have access to electronics such as computers and internet. This population does not also have access to email and may not have easy access to a phone. Those people would then be more difficult to reach out to (Tiwari, Singh, & Tiwari, 2003). Another disadvantage may be the low literacy and language barrier of the population. Social media communication method is another way to communicate to the general public under different circumstances.Social media communication includes social sites such as Facebook, Twitter, online video sharing, podcasts, blogs, and etc. Although this may be an effective way to communicate to the public, there are advantages and disadvantages that come with social media communication. According to CDC (2011), In the last several years, the use of Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and other social media tools to disseminate health messages has grown significantly, and continues to foreshorten upward.Using social media tools has become an effective way to expand reach, boost engagement and i ncrease access to credible, science-based health messages (4). This also has an advantage because it reaches a larger population at a faster rate and be less than some other methods of media communication. A disadvantage of using social media method in communication is the credibility of the resources may be til now questioned by a large portion of the population.Another disadvantage of using social media communication is it may not reach all of the population to whom the topic is regarding. HIPAA plays a significant role in media communications. The essential functions of HIPAA regulations protect the seclusion rights of patients and its users. When communicating health information, all health providers and any participants of health communication must ensure that the facts they wish to release are received and as accurate as possible (Nhanet, 2012).Any information released near any patients must be authorized by patients through pen authorization and must follow federal and state guidelines. HIPAA prohibits any someone communicating about health to public to disclose any information about patients even if it is general speaking of the patient. According to Hader and Brown (2010) healthcare providers using social media must remain mindful of professional boundaries and their patients privacy rights (p. 1).In conclusion, communicating through different media methods can be a useful source to communicate effectively to the public. Some methods are break dance than other, however all methods have different advantages when communicating to the public. There are also many disadvantages that are to be considered when implementing each method. There are also HIPAA regulations that have to be followed when communicating about patients or to patients regarding any facts and issues. The media is a way to communicate to a significant sized population when HIPAA laws are followed.

Four Year Colleges vs. Community Colleges Essay

Why does Breakthrough emphasize cardinal yr colleges and universities? Should Breakthrough programs crown bookmans to use community colleges as stepping stones toward bachs tips?Would community colleges be cheaper for bookmans? Does it matter where domesticate-age childs start their post auxiliary educations, as long as they goal up with unmarried mans degrees?It is true that once students throw their bachelors degrees, it makes little difference, in terms of catchings strength and job prospects, what path they took to get on that point. However, the likelihood of earning a bachelors degree is significantly reduced if a student starts her postsecondary education at a community college, and the amount of time it takes to manage a bachelors degree (and potentially, the amount of loans a student accrues) is greatly increased. Additionally, research shows that the kinds of students Breakthrough serveslowincome, minority, first generationargon slight seeming to transfer o f training from community colleges to quaternityyear colleges and earn bachelors degrees. Therefore, the research supports the fact that students are more likely to over(p) bachelors degrees if they start their post secondary educations at quadyear colleges or universities.Is community college more comprise-effective?Without compute in financial aid, the intermediate tuition and fees at community college is less than half of the average tuition and fees at a public fouryear institution and 1/10th of the tuition and fees at a private four year institution. According to the National Center for knowledge Statistics, the average annual tuition and fees in 200607 was $2,017 instate student attending a community college $5,685 goodtime, instate student at a public four year college or university $20,492 full time student at a private four year college and universityHowever, while the tuition and fees at community colleges are significantly less, without perspicacious a student s financial aid package at a four year institution, it is difficult to determine the relative cost effectiveness. Additionally, considering the amount of time it takes students who begin in community college to complete their bachelors degrees, it is unclear how much cost savings there is in the end.Does it take longer for students to complete bachelors degrees if they start at community colleges?On average, it takes students 12 years longer to complete bachelors degrees if they begin at community colleges than if they begin at fouryear colleges. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the average time it takes to complete a bachelors degree is 71 months for students who begin at 2year colleges 55 months for students who begin at four year public colleges 50 months for students who begin at four year private collegesIs there a difference in the boodle of community college graduates and graduates of fouryear institutions?If community college students do manage to transfer quickly and graduate from fouryear colleges, there is little differentiate to show that there are significant earning differentials between students who start at community colleges and students who start at fouryear colleges (Kane and Rouse, 1995 Hilmer, 2000). The problem is that more community college students do not quickly transfer into four year colleges nor do they ultimately complete their bachelors degrees.For those individuals who start at community colleges and dont transfer tofouryear institutions, there are repercussions in terms of their pay potential. The average annual normal income for adults who view associates degrees is approximately $13,000 less per year than adults who have bachelors degrees ($32,900 vs. $45,700), or $500,000 less in estimated lifetime earnings (U.S. Department of Labor, 2002).If the intention is to change the economic trajectory of Breakthrough students (i.e., end the cycle of poverty), then having Breakthrough students begin the ir postsecondary educations at fouryear colleges is the best way to ensure they complete their bachelors degrees.Is there a difference in the attrition pass judgment of students at community colleges vs. students at fouryear colleges?The attrition array for students at community colleges, even those students who have an explicit intent to quest for bachelors degrees, is far greater than the attrition rate of students at four year colleges. In 2006 39% of students at community colleges who intend to pursue bachelors degrees left school without completing a degree or certificate program 17% of students at four year public colleges left school without completing a degree 16% of students at four year private colleges left school without completing a degree(National Center for Education Statistics, 2008 Special epitome of Community College data)

Japan CCOT Essay

In 1853, Western majesticism was at its height. It was spreading to several(prenominal) countries. British colonise India, the dutch colonized In through with(p)sia, the linked States colonized the philippines, and the french colonized vietnam. In 1929, the crash of the stock market brought a worldwide depression, cognise as the immense Depression. The depression caused instability in many countries. International physician declined and tax revenues, profits, and personal income decreased. The great depression especi tout ensembley impacted countries that were in need of raw materials. Between the time of 1853 to 1941, japans acculturation and political structure changed in the hopes of becoming more westernized because they wanted to be seen as tincts to the Western countries. japan also became more militaristic in hopes of non being a victim of imperialism. Although lacquer experienced just about changes, Japan continued the ideology of kokutai as a method for imperial a dvancement.Japans cultural and political structure changed from being a bleached isolated nation to a modern imperialist country. in the first place Japan westernized, it was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate. This was an agricultural economy with a world of 13 billion. Japan did not associate with any other country because they believed foreign influence was a destabilizing factor. This resulted in overcrowded farms and scarce minerals. In 1853, Commodore Perry came to japan with his big black ships. The technological advancements of the ships shocked the japanese. They ended isolationism and opened shell out ports in order to avoid destruction. Failure of success, in 1868 the Tokugawa shogun was overthrown and emperor moth moth Meiji had fulfil power. During this time, Japan was very de centralise. There were several semi-independent feudal lords. The emperor saying how Japan was at a great disadvantage from being in isolation for so many years. He knew that in order to chant Japan, change was needed. This resulted in the Meiji Restoration. By 1912 Japan had a highly centralized government. There was a constitution establishing under an elected parliament. Japan had a well developed transport and communication system. Japan also change magnitude their knowledge. There were no more feudal class restrictions in Japan. Japan was no coarseer weak, instead they were powerful.Japan changed from being a militarily weak country to having a powerful armyand navy. During the Tokugawa authoritarianism, samurai were the soldiers of Japan. However, due to the long period of isolationism, samurais were losing their military function. Sumaris were used more for symbolism rather than support. In 1853, Commodore Perry came to Japan and threatened to destroy them if Japan did not open ports for trade. Japans army was to weak at that time to ignore this threat. collect to this, the Meiji reformers eliminated the outdated samurais and built a fresh new imperi al army. The Meiji reforms did not want to be the target of the West, and to do that they needed to have a stiff and superior army. The japanese believed a strong army was the come upon to imperialist success. A strong army bottom allow expansion. During the great Depression, it was difficult for countries to trade. Japan was reliant on imports of resources from other countries such as the United States. The lack of imports resulted in Nipponese expansion to China. The Japanese belief if they colonized China, they could be a non reliant country. They could support themselves with supplies. Japan were satisfactory to use military strategies in order to expand. In 1931, the Japanese satanic the Chinese for putting an unknown bomb in a railway near Shenyang. They used this as an excuse to completely occupy Manchuria. Manchuria had all the necessities that were needed by the Japanese such as coal, iron, and other minerals. This resulted in the colonization of Manchuria. Japan well overd Manchuria so that they no longer had to depend on foreign trade for resources. In 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. This act of encroachment showed that Japan believed they were strong enough to fight the militant strong United States. In 1853 the United States had sent a threat to weak Japan, until now end-to-end the years Japan trained its army and back open fire at the United States. THis showed how Japan had changed its military drastically since 1853. in spite of all these changes, Japan continued the belief of Kokutai. Kokutai was strong Japanese identification. Kokutai gave the Japanese one common identity. This related every Japanese to another. Despite the weak military, economy, and civilisation during the Tokugawa Shogunate Period, it was still a period of advocation for kokutai. According to the Japanese, they believed that the emperor was a descendant of god and so were the Japanese people. This belief make the Japanese think that their race was superior . This nationalism was a uniting factor. The tokugawa Shogunate period used kokutai as means of maintaining the Japanese burnish.After the MeijiRestoration, the emperor wanted to maintain this uniting factor so he establish a Shinto-oriented state. Shinto teachers would advocate kokutai ideology to children. This resulted in a origin of nationalism. IN 1853, when Japan opened their ports, they ended isolationism. The end of isolationism imported several Western ideas, however the Japanese did not use this as a weakness. Instead they integrated their Japanese beliefs of kokutai with western ideas. They adopted the western culture and used it with national polity. In the 1930s, Japan saw that imperialism was necessary in order to get the resources they needed. The idea of racial superiority made the Japanese they are better than any other country and they can invade any country they want. In 1937, the Japanese captured Nanking and harmed thousands of civilians because the Japanese believed they were better than the Chinese. This was known as the Nanking Massacre. There was mass murder and mass rape done by the Japanese troops. Since the Japanese were superior, they believed it was okay to treat the Chinese this way. They were modest because they were not descendants of God. Between the time of 1853 to 1941, Japans culture and political structure became more Westernized so that they can be an equal power to the Western imperialistic nations. Japan also became a strong militaristic country, so that they could defend themselves from any hindering imperialistic power. In spite of all these changes, kokutai advocated extreme nationalism and racial superiority throughout Japan. The end of isolationism made Japan rise as an imperialist power. The Great Depression was the main driving factor for imperialistic views in Japan. Japan was able to accomplish their goal of westernizing while still maintaining Japanese manifest ideologies such as kokutai. Through Japans p rogression from 1853 to 1941, it can be seen how significantly the Western nations impacted Pacific nations.